At the Heart of Texas: Cities’ Industry Clusters Drive Growth

Additional tables: Texas and its metros

Texas

Location quotients, employment shares, average annual earnings, demographics

Texas location quotients
Industry cluster	2016	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	0.9	1.0
Agribusiness	0.7	0.6
Apparel manufacturing	0.5	0.6
Biomedical	0.6	0.6
Business services	1.0	1.1
Chemicals and plastics	0.9	0.9
Distribution and e-commerce	1.1	1.2
Education	1.1	1.0
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.6	0.6
Energy and mining	1.5	1.4
Financial services	1.1	1.2
Food processing	0.6	0.7
Food services	1.1	1.1
Government	0.7	0.7
Health services	1.0	0.9
Hospitality and tourism	0.8	0.8
Household goods manufacturing and services	0.8	0.7
IT manufacturing and services	1.0	1.1
Insurance services	1.0	1.1
Machinery manufacturing	1.0	0.9
Marketing, publishing and printing	0.6	0.6
Metal manufacturing and products	0.9	0.9
Music, video and performing arts	0.7	0.6
Paper and wood	0.6	0.6
Real estate, construction and development	1.2	1.1
Retail	1.0	1.0
Social assistance	0.7	0.7
Transportation and logistics	1.1	1.1
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	1.0	0.9
Utilities	1.1	1.2
SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Texas employment shares
Industry cluster	2016	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	4.3	4.9
Agribusiness	0.4	0.4
Apparel manufacturing	0.1	0.1
Biomedical	0.8	0.9
Business services	12.1	13.7
Chemicals and plastics	0.8	0.8
Distribution and e-commerce	4.9	5.3
Education	8.7	8.5
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.1	0.1
Energy and mining	7.2	6.7
Financial services	3.0	3.2
Food processing	0.5	0.6
Food services	7.5	7.6
Government	2.6	2.6
Health services	10.4	10.0
Hospitality and tourism	2.0	1.9
Household goods manufacturing and services	1.5	0.8
IT manufacturing and services	1.5	1.2
Insurance services	1.4	1.6
Machinery manufacturing	0.7	0.7
Marketing, publishing and printing	0.7	0.5
Metal manufacturing and products	1.0	1.0
Music, video and performing arts	0.3	0.3
Paper and wood	0.3	0.3
Real estate, construction and development	8.6	9.1
Retail	9.6	8.9
Social assistance	1.7	1.8
Transportation and logistics	2.9	3.2
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	3.2	2.3
Utilities	1.1	1.1
NOTE: The percentage shares of individual clusters is normalized to sum to 100, because some industries are counted in multiple clusters and some industries are not counted at all based on cluster definitions. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Texas average annual earnings
Industry cluster	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	92,584	93,611	96,180	96,810	100,052	100,456	99,496	100,778
Agribusiness	49,118	51,248	52,514	52,849	55,810	55,718	55,098	53,019
Apparel manufacturing	47,850	48,255	48,489	47,230	48,783	47,742	48,913	48,412
Biomedical	108,693	109,958	110,635	112,819	113,724	111,749	109,983	111,681
Business services	83,846	84,828	86,846	88,171	91,810	91,847	91,572	92,101
Chemicals and plastics	109,757	111,387	111,933	112,199	110,763	106,115	107,107	107,788
Distribution and e-commerce	89,183	88,937	90,686	91,982	92,282	90,624	89,183	91,097
Education	55,715	55,904	56,080	56,675	59,787	58,196	56,359	56,789
Electrical equipment manufacturing	85,431	86,518	88,095	89,713	86,615	84,202	85,422	87,749
Energy and mining	112,856	111,442	112,430	113,169	112,219	105,502	112,578	114,486
Financial services	94,833	97,413	99,651	101,911	109,251	107,950	105,945	105,795
Food processing	58,139	58,126	58,232	57,458	60,402	56,988	55,323	56,611
Food services	22,350	22,493	22,856	23,160	23,176	24,174	24,313	24,346
Government	62,988	63,595	64,051	63,688	65,502	63,449	62,048	63,474
Health services	62,929	63,068	63,360	63,761	65,650	65,039	64,772	64,659
Hospitality and tourism	38,142	38,566	38,230	38,921	40,091	39,377	40,288	41,230
Household goods manufacturing and services	51,177	51,322	52,964	52,889	54,611	55,578	53,979	54,362
IT manufacturing and services	127,054	132,604	132,513	136,295	139,565	137,973	129,649	129,622
Insurance services	92,809	93,919	94,824	95,541	99,705	94,487	92,431	92,211
Machinery manufacturing	101,286	102,303	102,360	98,513	97,127	92,103	92,119	94,732
Marketing, publishing and printing	74,201	73,928	74,756	77,383	82,056	86,286	73,474	72,902
Metal manufacturing and products	71,807	73,123	75,025	74,151	73,779	71,645	72,456	74,238
Music, video and performing arts	41,302	39,563	39,307	40,333	51,544	48,996	47,274	48,066
Paper and wood	61,659	62,036	63,417	64,213	66,839	66,340	67,073	65,612
Real estate, construction and development	78,160	78,494	79,775	80,554	81,185	78,896	79,088	79,434
Retail	38,024	38,096	38,772	39,301	42,029	42,902	41,490	40,495
Social assistance	30,757	30,773	30,315	30,477	32,211	31,774	32,053	32,511
Transportation and logistics	68,332	69,380	70,679	70,195	70,004	67,846	67,937	69,911
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	53,828	54,267	55,308	55,654	57,398	60,461	70,598	68,339
Utilities	104,427	107,334	107,455	108,257	108,808	105,258	104,308	106,725

Industry clusters with LQ > 1	74,773	77,113	82,128	84,375	80,932	78,880	82,904	83,584
Industry clusters with LQ <= 1	70,877	70,577	69,749	68,762	73,711	72,610	68,794	69,271

Average earnings (total)	66,901	67,279	68,266	69,090	71,699	70,216	69,615	69,991
NOTE: Earnings are in 2023 dollars. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Texas demographics
Total population (2023)	30,503,301
Age distribution (percent)
Median (years)	35.9
Under 15 years	21.8
15–24 years	14.1
25–54 years	40.9
55–64 years	11.0
Over 64 years	13.8
Race/ethnicity (percent)
White, Not Hispanic or Latino	38.7
Hispanic or Latino	39.8
Black/African American	12.0
American Indian/Alaska native	0.1
Asian	5.6
Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	0.1
Other race	0.5
Two or more races	3.2
Median household income (2023)	$76,292
Poverty status (percent)
Population below poverty	13.7
Receiving food stamps/SNAP benefits	11.4
Receiving cash public assistance	2.0
Education (percent)
High school graduate or higher	86.3
Bachelor’s degree or higher	34.2
Less than 9th grade	7.1
9th–12th grade, no diploma	6.6
High school graduate or equivalent	24.2
Some college, no degree	19.8
Associate’s degree	8.1
Bachelor’s degree	21.6
Graduate or professional degree	12.6
Average household size	2.7
Foreign-born status (percent)
Foreign born	17.9
From Latin America (ex. Mexico)	19.6
From Mexico	44.9
From Europe	4.2
From Asia	24.0
From Africa	6.0
From Oceania	0.3
From North America	1.0
Workforce characteristics (percent)
Population (16 years and over) in labor force	66.0
Population (16 years and over) unemployed	4.4
Self-employed	6.7
Health insurance (percent)
Population with no health insurance	16.4
NOTE: All data refer to 2023. SOURCE: American Community Survey.

Amarillo

Location quotients, employment shares, average annual earnings, demographics

Amarillo location quotients
Industry cluster	2016	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	0.8	0.6
Agribusiness	0.3	0.4
Apparel manufacturing	0.2	0.2
Biomedical	0.1	0.1
Business services	0.6	0.6
Chemicals and plastics	0.1	0.1
Distribution and e-commerce	0.9	0.8
Education	1.1	1.1
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.2	0.3
Energy and mining	1.1	0.9
Financial services	1.1	0.9
Food processing	0.4	0.9
Food services	1.2	1.3
Government	1.1	0.9
Health services	1.1	1.1
Hospitality and tourism	0.6	0.7
Household goods manufacturing and services	0.7	0.5
Insurance services	0.4	0.4
IT manufacturing and services	0.5	1.0
Machinery manufacturing	0.3	0.6
Marketing, publishing and printing	0.3	0.3
Metal manufacturing and products	N/A	N/A
Music, video and performing arts	0.4	0.3
Paper and wood	0.1	0.1
Real estate, construction and development	1.0	0.9
Retail	1.2	1.2
Social assistance	0.7	0.6
Transportation and logistics	0.8	0.9
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	1.3	1.1
Utilities	1.1	2.0
NOTE: Each cluster’s normalized share of total jobs is shown. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Amarillo employment shares
Industry cluster	2016	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	4.0	3.6
Agribusiness	0.2	0.3
Apparel manufacturing	0.1	0.1
Biomedical	0.1	0.2
Business services	8.3	8.5
Chemicals and plastics	0.1	0.2
Distribution and e-commerce	4.2	4.3
Education	9.6	10.1
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.1	0.1
Energy and mining	5.9	4.8
Financial services	3.3	3.0
Food processing	0.3	0.9
Food services	9.1	10.2
Government	5.0	4.0
Health services	13.3	13.4
Hospitality and tourism	1.9	2.1
Household goods manufacturing and services	1.6	0.7
Insurance services	0.7	0.5
IT manufacturing and services	0.8	1.6
Machinery manufacturing	0.3	0.5
Marketing, publishing and printing	0.3	0.3
Metal manufacturing and products	0.0	0.0
Music, video and performing arts	0.2	0.2
Paper and wood	0.0	0.1
Real estate, construction and development	7.9	8.5
Retail	12.8	12.2
Social assistance	1.7	1.8
Transportation and logistics	2.3	2.9
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	4.8	3.1
Utilities	1.3	2.0
NOTE: The percentage shares of individual clusters is normalized to sum to 100, because some industries are counted in multiple clusters and some industries are not counted at all based on cluster definitions. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Amarillo average annual earnings
Industry cluster	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	63,058	62,276	63,186	63,745	67,739	65,266	66,455	66,733
Agribusiness	58,985	62,107	59,054	63,153	61,393	63,028	60,131	63,500
Apparel manufacturing	48,673	47,240	42,722	43,715	49,648	43,234	44,177	40,348
Biomedical	58,467	62,776	68,521	74,024	74,549	68,341	68,565	68,520
Business services	74,300	75,521	79,596	80,718	83,300	78,982	80,059	81,260
Chemicals and plastics	50,921	53,245	51,265	49,790	54,662	52,109	77,316	74,540
Distribution and e-commerce	64,538	64,894	66,868	67,351	67,414	66,874	65,672	66,045
Education	49,042	48,818	48,498	48,343	50,199	48,389	46,203	45,896
Electrical equipment manufacturing	85,357	85,288	89,697	88,861	77,663	75,674	78,201	77,870
Energy and mining	69,819	72,429	72,741	73,186	73,040	67,862	78,377	78,752
Financial services	66,749	70,951	74,611	75,683	80,628	84,355	81,026	77,040
Food processing	57,245	58,347	53,623	53,519	56,949	54,763	51,971	53,927
Food services	19,472	19,617	19,694	20,163	20,556	21,123	20,965	21,128
Government	57,375	57,083	57,618	56,768	59,302	56,680	55,448	55,418
Health services	60,150	60,118	60,029	61,705	63,183	63,400	63,875	64,272
Hospitality and tourism	22,230	21,244	20,833	20,420	21,621	21,891	22,941	27,693
Household goods manufacturing and services	41,126	40,025	41,613	41,720	42,525	45,663	44,155	46,231
Insurance services	69,204	68,988	67,277	70,673	75,266	70,427	71,205	67,209
IT manufacturing and services	68,729	70,626	68,666	72,368	76,192	89,717	69,496	72,403
Machinery manufacturing	70,705	66,927	71,392	67,729	72,021	59,837	58,206	58,991
Marketing, publishing and printing	49,942	49,845	59,539	62,204	62,731	58,954	58,770	54,134
Metal manufacturing and products	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Music, video and performing arts	28,401	27,104	27,659	27,079	40,869	31,682	33,277	32,106
Paper and wood	27,203	27,140	32,766	28,875	26,885	25,817	28,946	28,518
Real estate, construction and development	61,253	59,851	60,508	61,900	62,688	60,260	59,006	60,014
Retail	34,384	33,854	34,353	35,425	37,065	37,279	36,415	35,756
Social assistance	33,322	34,635	35,252	35,416	37,353	36,690	34,068	34,045
Transportation and logistics	58,218	61,820	65,329	65,034	66,210	65,628	67,084	66,073
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	47,817	48,399	49,131	49,955	51,879	52,736	65,244	62,225
Utilities	92,931	93,961	82,117	84,334	84,536	76,871	77,380	78,570

Industry clusters with LQ > 1	55,304	56,137	53,256	54,047	54,970	52,523	54,225	51,308
Industry clusters with LQ <= 1	54,556	54,954	56,959	57,594	59,829	57,924	56,730	58,853

Average earnings (total)	53,804	54,133	54,997	55,584	57,941	56,390	55,675	55,891
NOTE: Earnings are in 2023 dollars. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Amarillo demographics
Total population (2023)	273,100
Age distribution (percent)
Median (years)	36.3
Under 15 years	19.5
15–24 years	15.0
25–54 years	38.6
55–64 years	11.5
Over 64 years	15.3
Race/ethnicity (percent)
White, Not Hispanic or Latino	56.6
Hispanic or Latino	31.0
Black/African American	6.4
American Indian/Alaska native	0.2
Asian	3.2
Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	0.2
Other race	0.2
Two or more races	16.9
Median household income (2023)	$66,571
Poverty status (percent)
Population below poverty	11.7
Receiving food stamps/SNAP benefits	9.8
Receiving cash public assistance	1.9
Education (percent)
High school graduate or higher	87.7
Bachelor’s degree or higher	26.5
Less than 9th grade	5.0
9th–12th grade, no diploma	7.3
High school graduate or equivalent	28.3
Some college, no degree	22.3
Associate’s degree	10.6
Bachelor’s degree	18.3
Graduate or professional degree	8.2
Average household size	2.6
Foreign-born status (percent)*
Foreign born	8.2
From Latin America (exc. Mexico)	17.6
From Mexico	39.0
From Europe	7.0
From Asia	25.9
From Africa	8.6
From Oceania	1.7
From North America (exc. Mexico)	0.3
Workforce characteristics (percent)
Population (16 years and over) in labor force	65.7
Population (16 years and over) unemployed	2.9
Self-employed	6.9
Health insurance (percent)
Population with no health insurance	15.9
NOTE: Data from 2023. SOURCE: American Community Survey 5-year estimates.

Austin–Round Rock–San Marcos

Location quotients, employment shares, average annual earnings, demographics

Austin–Round Rock–San Marcos location quotients
Industry cluster	2016	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	1.3	1.3
Agribusiness	0.1	0.1
Apparel manufacturing	0.1	0.3
Biomedical	0.9	0.9
Business services	1.2	1.5
Chemicals and plastics	0.4	0.4
Distribution and e-commerce	1.1	1.0
Education	1.1	1.0
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.9	1.0
Energy and mining	1.2	1.3
Financial services	1.0	1.2
Food processing	0.4	0.4
Food services	1.2	1.1
Government	1.3	1.2
Health services	0.7	0.7
Hospitality and tourism	0.9	1.0
Household goods manufacturing and services	0.9	0.7
IT manufacturing and services	2.4	2.8
Insurance services	1.0	1.0
Machinery manufacturing	0.4	0.7
Marketing, publishing and printing	1.2	1.3
Metal manufacturing and products	0.3	0.3
Music, video and performing arts	1.3	1.1
Paper and wood	0.1	0.1
Real estate, construction and development	1.2	1.2
Retail	1.0	0.9
Social assistance	0.9	0.7
Transportation and logistics	0.5	0.5
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	0.7	0.6
Utilities	1.3	1.4
SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Austin–Round Rock–San Marcos employment shares
Industry cluster	2016	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	5.7	6.5
Agribusiness	0.0	0.1
Apparel manufacturing	0.0	0.1
Biomedical	1.1	1.2
Business services	14.0	17.8
Chemicals and plastics	0.3	0.3
Distribution and e-commerce	4.6	4.2
Education	8.9	8.0
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.2	0.2
Energy and mining	5.5	5.8
Financial services	2.7	3.1
Food processing	0.3	0.4
Food services	8.3	7.5
Government	5.0	4.5
Health services	7.6	7.4
Hospitality and tourism	2.3	2.3
Household goods manufacturing and services	1.7	0.8
IT manufacturing and services	3.5	2.8
Insurance services	1.3	1.3
Machinery manufacturing	0.3	0.5
Marketing, publishing and printing	1.4	1.0
Metal manufacturing and products	0.4	0.4
Music, video and performing arts	0.6	0.5
Paper and wood	0.1	0.1
Real estate, construction and development	8.4	9.5
Retail	8.9	7.9
Social assistance	1.9	1.8
Transportation and logistics	1.3	1.5
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	2.4	1.5
Utilities	1.2	1.2
NOTE: The percentage shares of individual clusters is normalized to sum to 100, because some industries are counted in multiple clusters and some industries are not counted at all based on cluster definitions. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Austin–Round Rock–San Marcos average annual earnings
Industry cluster	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	114,335	116,160	123,349	121,565	126,979	135,895	130,712	134,646
Agribusiness	45,478	43,728	42,126	45,528	46,460	45,601	52,656	46,675
Apparel manufacturing	46,094	43,681	40,834	41,675	53,193	52,047	51,250	52,634
Biomedical	115,304	118,057	114,570	107,038	108,376	114,437	109,706	107,877
Business services	90,459	93,320	98,153	100,815	108,415	115,631	114,295	114,931
Chemicals and plastics	86,740	85,686	85,484	82,686	85,440	81,967	86,832	85,094
Distribution and e-commerce	101,631	108,066	108,304	114,478	118,096	110,675	107,233	108,336
Education	58,783	58,668	58,928	59,908	63,259	63,012	61,201	61,517
Electrical equipment manufacturing	95,633	90,809	95,957	93,931	95,169	93,351	96,404	98,283
Energy and mining	110,540	112,951	117,807	120,492	127,874	129,067	128,232	123,949
Financial services	103,648	106,926	111,185	115,792	128,076	124,723	122,191	119,079
Food processing	47,922	48,173	49,315	48,191	51,850	51,365	50,391	50,914
Food services	24,591	25,146	25,466	26,641	26,965	29,042	29,168	28,864
Government	71,371	71,086	71,503	71,185	72,689	71,070	69,821	70,690
Health services	70,111	69,805	69,160	69,178	72,133	71,196	72,713	70,893
Hospitality and tourism	34,155	34,902	35,400	35,791	35,641	35,918	37,885	38,437
Household goods manufacturing and services	54,525	54,745	57,524	62,183	65,062	64,649	57,255	57,613
IT manufacturing and services	147,884	153,134	152,695	165,391	169,314	175,246	163,411	163,163
Insurance services	91,093	91,549	92,769	96,082	104,463	99,053	99,363	92,686
Machinery manufacturing	126,361	131,178	124,925	116,900	126,054	133,094	121,032	117,192
Marketing, publishing and printing	87,177	88,535	90,980	99,978	108,118	123,846	97,511	96,990
Metal manufacturing and products	65,062	64,136	64,458	65,263	67,065	64,312	65,615	65,994
Music, video and performing arts	67,289	63,463	64,631	61,387	83,286	81,173	71,083	69,774
Paper and wood	52,441	68,153	67,958	70,098	71,445	59,969	60,367	59,023
Real estate, construction and development	77,782	79,424	82,099	83,254	87,887	88,291	89,281	87,779
Retail	41,898	42,231	43,207	44,454	48,253	49,154	48,275	46,035
Social assistance	37,920	37,702	37,190	37,681	40,223	39,387	40,346	41,734
Transportation and logistics	56,754	55,938	57,611	56,037	56,634	57,445	58,029	59,650
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	53,924	54,179	55,574	56,937	60,251	65,831	78,364	74,556
Utilities	99,086	101,865	102,813	105,136	106,243	105,746	103,883	109,046

Industry clusters with LQ > 1	88,814	90,672	92,916	95,848	102,092	103,562	98,399	98,369
Industry clusters with LQ <= 1	66,220	67,038	67,095	66,984	70,553	72,249	72,413	71,329

Average earnings (total)	70,538	72,037	73,647	76,060	82,237	83,289	82,136	81,635
NOTE: Earnings are in 2023 dollars. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Austin–Round Rock–San Marcos demographics
Total population (2023)	2,473,275
Age distribution (percent)
Median (years)	36.3
Under 15 years	17.7
15–24 years	13.1
25–54 years	46.8
55–64 years	10.2
Over 64 years	12.3
Race/ethnicity (percent)
White, Not Hispanic or Latino	48.3
Hispanic or Latino	32.2
Black/African American	6.9
American Indian/Alaska native	0.1
Asian	7.8
Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	0.1
Other race	0.5
Two or more races	4.0
Median household income (2023)	$97,638
Poverty status (percent)
Population below poverty	9.5
Receiving food stamps/SNAP benefits	5.7
Receiving cash public assistance	1.7
Education (percent)
High school graduate or higher	92.5
Bachelor’s degree or higher	52.1
Less than 9th grade	3.8
9th–12th grade, no diploma	3.7
High school graduate or equivalent	16.2
Some college, no degree	17.5
Associate’s degree	6.7
Bachelor’s degree	33.0
Graduate or professional degree	19.1
Average household size	2.3
Foreign-born status (percent)
Foreign born	16.0
From Latin America (excl. Mexico)	18.0
From Mexico	30.9
From Europe	8.4
From Asia	35.8
From Africa	5.0
From Oceania	0.3
From North America	1.7
Workforce characteristics (percent)
Population (16 years and over) in labor force	71.9
Population (16 years and over) unemployed	2.8
Self-employed	6.7
Health insurance (percent)
Population with no health insurance	11.1
NOTE: Data are as of 2023. SOURCES: Cenus Bureau; American Community Survey 2023.

Beaumont–Port Arthur

Location quotients, employment shares, average annual earnings, demographics

Beaumont-Port Arthur location quotients
Industry cluster	2016	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	0.8	0.8
Agribusiness	0.8	0.7
Apparel manufacturing	0.2	0.2
Biomedical	0.6	0.3
Business services	0.7	0.6
Chemicals and plastics	4.2	3.5
Distribution and e-commerce	0.7	0.8
Education	0.9	1.0
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.2	0.0
Energy and mining	2.5	2.4
Financial services	0.6	0.7
Food processing	0.2	0.2
Food services	1.1	1.1
Government	0.9	0.9
Health services	1.0	1.0
Hospitality and tourism	0.5	0.5
Household goods manufacturing and services	0.8	0.3
IT manufacturing and services	0.5	0.2
Insurance services	0.4	0.4
Machinery manufacturing	1.5	1.7
Marketing, publishing and printing	0.2	0.2
Metal manufacturing and products	1.7	2.0
Music, video and performing arts	0.2	0.2
Paper and wood	0.6	0.8
Real estate, construction and development	1.8	1.7
Retail	1.1	1.2
Social assistance	0.5	0.5
Transportation and logistics	1.0	1.0
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	1.0	0.9
Utilities	1.4	1.5
SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Beaumont-Port Arthur employment shares
Industry cluster	2016	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	3.7	4.2
Agribusiness	0.5	0.4
Apparel manufacturing	0.0	0.0
Biomedical	0.7	0.5
Business services	7.9	7.9
Chemicals and plastics	3.7	3.2
Distribution and e-commerce	3.1	3.5
Education	7.3	8.0
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.0	0.0
Energy and mining	11.9	11.2
Financial services	1.7	1.8
Food processing	0.1	0.2
Food services	7.0	7.7
Government	3.3	3.5
Health services	10.8	10.1
Hospitality and tourism	1.1	1.2
Household goods manufacturing and services	1.5	0.4
IT manufacturing and services	0.7	0.2
Insurance services	0.5	0.6
Machinery manufacturing	1.0	1.2
Marketing, publishing and printing	0.3	0.1
Metal manufacturing and products	1.9	2.2
Music, video and performing arts	0.1	0.1
Paper and wood	0.3	0.4
Real estate, construction and development	12.5	13.6
Retail	10.2	10.3
Social assistance	1.2	1.4
Transportation and logistics	2.4	2.9
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	3.2	2.1
Utilities	1.4	1.3
NOTES: The percentage shares of individual clusters is normalized to sum to 100, because some industries are counted in multiple clusters and some industries are not counted at all based on cluster definitions. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Beaumont-Port Arthur average annual earnings
Industry cluster	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	69,150	69,241	70,577	70,247	73,092	70,947	72,274	73,809
Agribusiness	123,355	126,602	128,146	124,435	118,247	112,351	109,931	108,640
Apparel manufacturing	40,724	44,083	41,273	41,419	43,069	45,091	42,358	45,268
Biomedical	70,180	78,124	87,938	82,236	83,234	83,624	92,376	92,964
Business services	74,231	70,653	69,920	68,863	68,211	65,744	70,750	66,641
Chemicals and plastics	150,694	159,358	165,534	154,943	149,540	147,029	141,986	138,710
Distribution and e-commerce	74,316	74,814	76,891	77,674	79,672	78,965	81,354	80,906
Education	47,484	47,561	47,081	47,019	49,478	46,985	45,607	44,909
Electrical equipment manufacturing	90,546	85,765	93,780	90,315	87,298	85,234	N/A	N/A
Energy and mining	121,770	117,871	118,073	113,689	112,617	106,552	110,087	113,551
Financial services	57,770	59,518	60,493	61,614	64,634	64,477	65,043	64,229
Food processing	52,669	55,411	55,798	53,748	59,489	50,697	45,823	49,525
Food services	20,624	20,305	20,713	20,341	21,256	20,560	20,641	21,277
Government	58,796	59,051	58,906	57,539	59,227	56,862	55,733	57,099
Health services	53,777	53,992	53,300	53,689	54,425	53,462	51,669	50,313
Hospitality and tourism	21,538	21,718	22,442	21,868	21,897	21,466	22,101	23,007
Household goods manufacturing and services	47,408	47,675	51,536	47,409	46,304	41,479	38,334	39,838
IT manufacturing and services	60,053	64,438	68,254	66,415	69,715	66,182	72,376	75,358
Insurance services	61,070	61,552	62,294	62,693	62,055	65,156	64,117	66,001
Machinery manufacturing	86,101	86,660	84,011	82,148	82,820	82,786	82,923	80,119
Marketing, publishing and printing	66,038	66,612	62,086	65,345	71,067	62,309	67,486	62,502
Metal manufacturing and products	76,964	76,253	77,023	78,248	78,103	75,976	75,433	76,614
Music, video and performing arts	30,215	28,999	30,691	31,855	49,086	43,551	42,263	29,659
Paper and wood	53,001	51,156	50,641	53,832	55,260	54,324	55,354	54,759
Real estate, construction and development	84,640	83,236	81,496	82,963	81,813	76,057	77,233	80,380
Retail	37,255	37,941	38,134	37,797	39,085	38,368	37,327	36,800
Social assistance	27,958	29,611	30,220	30,378	33,881	31,559	30,205	29,678
Transportation and logistics	59,787	60,201	64,744	65,287	62,925	60,647	62,858	62,819
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	49,900	51,658	49,887	50,531	50,909	53,123	62,903	62,171
Utilities	102,019	104,894	105,863	105,181	88,790	82,531	81,304	83,590

Industry clusters with LQ > 1	78,374	82,020	86,356	80,649	78,326	71,221	72,421	75,105
Industry clusters with LQ <= 1	59,610	60,124	60,989	60,871	62,626	61,135	60,785	59,879

Average earnings (total)	65,515	65,952	65,847	65,270	65,516	62,031	62,053	62,266
NOTES: Earnings are in 2023 dollars. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Beaumont–Port Arthur demographics
Total population (2023)	395,479
Age distribution (percent)
Median (years)	38.1
Under 15 years	20.4
15–24 years	12.8
25–54 years	38.6
55–64 years	11.7
Over 64 years	16.5
Race/ethnicity (percent)
White, Not Hispanic or Latino	51.4
Hispanic or Latino	18.9
Black/African American	22.6
American Indian/Alaska native	0.3
Asian	3
Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	0
Other race	0.5
Two or more races	3.4
Median household income (2023)*	$62,245
Poverty status (percent)
Population below poverty	17.5
Receiving food stamps/SNAP benefits*	14.9
Receiving cash public assistance*	1.6
Education (percent)
High school graduate or higher	88
Bachelor’s degree or higher	18.5
Less than 9th grade	5.0
9th–12th grade, no diploma	7.2
High school graduate or equivalent	37.0
Some college, no degree	21.8
Associate’s degree	10.6
Bachelor’s degree	12.0
Graduate or professional degree	6.5
Average household size	2.5
Foreign-born status (percent)
Foreign born	8.8
From Latin America	21.1
From Mexico	46.2
From Europe	3.7
From Asia	21.2
From Africa	2.1
From Oceania	0.3
From North America	0.5
Workforce characteristics (percent)
Population (16 years and over) in labor force	58.8
Population (16 years and over) unemployed	3.2
Self-employed	5.8
Health insurance (percent)
Population with no health insurance	19.2
NOTES: Data refer to 2023. SOURCE: American Community Survey 1-year estimates. *American Community Survey 5-year estimates.

Dallas–Plano–Irving

Location quotients, employment shares, average annual earnings, demographics

Dallas–Plano–Irving location quotients
Industry cluster	2016	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	1.1	1.2
Agribusiness	0.2	0.2
Apparel manufacturing	0.6	0.6
Biomedical	0.6	0.7
Business services	1.4	1.4
Chemicals and plastics	0.7	0.7
Distribution and e-commerce	1.3	1.4
Education	0.9	0.9
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.6	0.5
Energy and mining	1.0	1.0
Financial services	1.7	1.7
Food processing	0.6	0.7
Food services	1.0	1.0
Government	0.7	0.6
Health services	0.8	0.8
Hospitality and tourism	0.8	0.8
Household goods manufacturing and services	1.0	0.9
Insurance services	1.5	1.5
IT manufacturing and services	1.9	2.2
Machinery manufacturing	0.4	0.4
Marketing, publishing and printing	1.0	1.2
Metal manufacturing and products	0.7	0.7
Music, video and performing arts	0.7	0.7
Paper and wood	0.6	0.6
Real estate, construction and development	1.1	1.1
Retail	0.9	0.9
Social assistance	0.5	0.4
Transportation and logistics	1.1	1.1
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	0.8	0.8
Utilities	1.4	1.4
SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Dallas–Plano–Irving employment shares
Industry cluster	2016	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	5.2	6.1
Agribusiness	0.1	0.1
Apparel manufacturing	0.2	0.1
Biomedical	0.8	1.0
Business services	15.8	17.3
Chemicals and plastics	0.6	0.7
Distribution and e-commerce	5.4	6.2
Education	7.1	7.1
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.1	0.1
Energy and mining	4.8	4.6
Financial services	4.4	4.6
Food processing	0.5	0.6
Food services	6.9	6.8
Government	2.7	2.4
Health services	9.0	8.6
Hospitality and tourism	2.1	1.9
Household goods manufacturing and services	1.8	0.9
IT manufacturing and services	2.9	2.2
Insurance services	2.1	2.1
Machinery manufacturing	0.3	0.3
Marketing, publishing and printing	1.2	1.0
Metal manufacturing and products	0.8	0.8
Music, video and performing arts	0.3	0.3
Paper and wood	0.3	0.3
Real estate, construction and development	8.2	8.7
Retail	8.6	7.9
Social assistance	1.1	1.1
Transportation and logistics	2.8	3.2
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	2.7	1.9
Utilities	1.4	1.3
NOTE: The percentage shares of individual clusters is normalized to sum to 100, because some industries are counted in multiple clusters and some industries are not counted at all based on cluster definitions. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Dallas–Plano–Irving average annual earnings
Industry cluster	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	104,453	105,606	107,530	108,053	109,495	107,733	106,139	107,968
Agribusiness	48,044	51,559	52,595	54,744	55,890	56,577	60,925	59,546
Apparel manufacturing	55,880	53,026	53,284	53,336	54,769	55,429	55,596	54,642
Biomedical	112,328	113,854	103,997	109,345	111,787	109,353	105,296	112,311
Business services	93,440	93,665	96,099	96,798	99,836	97,969	99,360	99,907
Chemicals and plastics	84,895	80,623	79,231	84,093	85,215	83,333	83,130	80,606
Distribution and e-commerce	98,337	92,302	93,004	94,413	94,475	93,119	90,014	91,727
Education	60,550	60,758	60,910	60,668	63,972	62,077	60,146	60,793
Electrical equipment manufacturing	87,117	84,429	86,529	100,760	88,607	91,742	81,870	81,371
Energy and mining	118,477	118,928	116,348	117,964	115,149	109,234	113,598	114,586
Financial services	113,153	115,917	119,123	121,320	128,330	125,782	124,461	125,371
Food processing	69,035	69,362	69,914	67,255	67,354	63,745	60,599	62,732
Food services	24,316	24,626	25,148	25,094	25,238	26,583	27,001	27,001
Government	73,121	73,624	75,272	74,959	76,982	75,090	73,722	74,170
Health services	70,520	71,060	71,367	71,590	73,640	71,720	70,307	70,193
Hospitality and tourism	49,362	49,011	47,664	48,976	53,267	52,247	53,425	52,629
Household goods manufacturing and services	55,223	55,455	59,832	57,560	59,060	64,007	57,583	57,738
IT manufacturing and services	150,522	156,499	154,466	157,055	158,566	152,159	144,113	145,701
Insurance services	100,593	100,894	101,968	101,015	105,954	100,610	98,113	98,066
Machinery manufacturing	79,688	79,906	82,115	78,769	78,878	77,054	79,485	78,646
Marketing, publishing and printing	88,617	86,736	87,219	85,909	90,203	90,580	82,280	86,010
Metal manufacturing and products	65,986	68,151	68,342	68,304	70,591	69,631	71,183	72,870
Music, video and performing arts	51,012	48,955	45,118	45,010	60,727	57,392	53,291	51,333
Paper and wood	65,596	65,531	67,328	68,227	71,047	70,172	69,787	69,686
Real estate, construction and development	82,312	83,702	83,943	85,083	86,400	85,708	87,320	86,409
Retail	41,419	41,050	42,857	44,135	48,278	49,850	45,495	44,715
Social assistance	33,128	33,573	33,335	32,845	34,999	34,865	35,183	35,685
Transportation and logistics	64,979	65,588	65,328	65,303	66,769	66,635	65,814	66,877
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	56,683	56,807	57,574	57,318	60,317	63,268	72,240	69,811
Utilities	122,499	125,029	124,717	126,069	127,994	122,542	123,783	128,453

Industry clusters with LQ > 1	95,460	96,383	97,133	98,020	100,306	97,884	95,309	96,681
Industry clusters with LQ <= 1	68,699	68,511	68,470	69,493	71,519	70,815	69,085	69,142

Average earnings (total)	76,007	76,330	77,033	77,592	81,160	79,737	78,830	78,772
NOTE: Earnings are in 2023 dollars. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Dallas–Plano–Irving demographics
Total population (2023)	5,462,593
Age distribution (percent)
Median (years)	35.8
Under 15 years	20.1
15–24 years	13.7
25–54 years	42.9
55–64 years	11.2
Over 64 years	12.1
Race/ethnicity (percent)
White, Not Hispanic or Latino	39.0
Hispanic or Latino	30.1
Black/African American	16.7
American Indian/Alaska native	0.1
Asian	9.9
Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	0.2
Other race	0.5
Two or more races	3.5
Median household income (2023)	$89,301
Poverty status (percent)
Population below poverty	10.0
Receiving food stamps/SNAP benefits	7.5
Receiving cash public assistance	1.8
Education (percent)
High school graduate or higher	88.0
Bachelor’s degree or higher	42.6
Less than 9th grade	6.7
9th–12th grade, no diploma	5.4
High school graduate or equivalent	19.9
Some college, no degree	18.2
Associate’s degree	7.2
Bachelor’s degree	26.2
Graduate or professional degree	16.4
Average family size	3.4
Foreign-born status (percent)
Foreign born	22.1
From Latin America (exc. Mexico)	18.4
From Mexico	33.7
From Europe	3.9
From Asia	34.4
From Africa	8.2
From Oceania	0.5
From North America (exc. Mexico)	1.0
Workforce characteristics (percent)
Population (16 years and over) in labor force	70.0
Population (16 years and over) unemployed	2.8
Self-employed	5.9
Health insurance (percent)
Population with no health insurance	15.9
NOTE: Data refer to 2023. SOURCE: American Community Survey.

El Paso

Location quotients, employment shares, average annual earnings, demographics

El Paso location quotients
Industry cluster	2016	2013
Aerospace, defense and security	0.9	0.9
Agribusiness	0.2	0.2
Apparel manufacturing	2.3	2.7
Biomedical	0.3	0.4
Business services	0.8	0.8
Chemicals and plastics	0.4	0.4
Distribution and e-commerce	0.8	0.8
Education	1.4	1.3
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.9	0.4
Energy and mining	0.7	0.7
Financial services	0.7	0.6
Food processing	0.6	0.6
Food services	1.3	1.4
Government	1.1	1.1
Health services	1.1	1.1
Hospitality and tourism	0.5	0.6
Household goods manufacturing and services	0.7	0.4
IT manufacturing and services	0.6	1.0
Insurance services	0.5	0.5
Machinery manufacturing	0.3	0.3
Marketing, publishing and printing	0.3	0.3
Metal manufacturing and products	0.9	0.8
Music, video and performing arts	0.4	0.5
Paper and wood	0.5	0.6
Real estate, construction and development	0.8	0.9
Retail	1.2	1.2
Social assistance	1.1	1.2
Transportation and logistics	1.5	1.5
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	1.1	1.0
Utilities	1.4	2.0
SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

El Paso employment shares
Industry cluster	2016	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	4.6	4.7
Agribusiness	0.1	0.2
Apparel manufacturing	0.6	0.6
Biomedical	0.4	0.6
Business services	10.3	10.7
Chemicals and plastics	0.4	0.4
Distribution and e-commerce	3.4	3.9
Education	11.8	10.6
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.2	0.1
Energy and mining	3.3	3.6
Financial services	1.9	1.7
Food processing	0.5	0.5
Food services	8.9	9.7
Government	4.5	4.5
Health services	12.3	12.4
Hospitality and tourism	1.4	1.5
Household goods manufacturing and services	1.3	0.5
IT manufacturing and services	1.0	1.1
Insurance services	0.7	0.8
Machinery manufacturing	0.3	0.3
Marketing, publishing and printing	0.4	0.3
Metal manufacturing and products	1.2	1.0
Music, video and performing arts	0.2	0.2
Paper and wood	0.3	0.3
Real estate, construction and development	6.5	7.1
Retail	11.8	10.7
Social assistance	2.7	3.2
Transportation and logistics	4.0	4.6
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	3.7	2.6
Utilities	1.4	1.9
NOTES: The percentage shares of individual clusters are normalized to sum to 100, because some industries are counted in multiple clusters and some industries are not counted at all based on cluster definitions. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

El Paso average annual earnings
Industry cluster	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	82,803	81,797	84,149	84,140	84,724	82,828	82,913	81,794
Agribusiness	42,406	41,797	39,187	39,509	47,073	48,200	43,561	42,819
Apparel manufacturing	37,569	37,928	37,583	35,792	36,420	36,061	35,967	34,010
Biomedical	83,120	83,056	81,749	77,918	84,605	88,643	89,045	79,593
Business services	41,562	40,812	43,150	44,228	46,344	46,009	46,674	47,274
Chemicals and plastics	44,567	43,978	43,800	43,802	51,931	45,544	47,006	48,130
Distribution and e-commerce	55,759	57,027	58,377	58,659	61,557	60,866	56,890	56,616
Education	49,217	49,508	49,525	49,816	54,513	54,169	51,450	50,328
Electrical equipment manufacturing	104,642	124,541	97,512	99,541	102,150	99,700	96,048	95,709
Energy and mining	57,154	58,383	61,595	64,999	67,961	64,855	70,444	71,243
Financial services	51,809	52,746	55,011	57,369	62,595	60,034	58,823	59,917
Food processing	42,086	42,094	42,349	43,269	44,826	43,505	43,457	44,174
Food services	18,337	18,210	18,288	18,384	18,182	19,434	19,612	19,785
Government	52,441	52,690	52,628	53,155	55,987	54,500	54,773	56,666
Health services	52,716	52,652	51,887	52,291	54,493	54,977	55,300	54,684
Hospitality and tourism	22,093	21,946	21,069	22,781	21,702	21,507	24,219	25,294
Household goods manufacturing and services	35,037	35,592	37,380	37,214	37,762	38,286	34,569	35,435
IT manufacturing and services	63,393	65,403	62,393	59,138	65,190	63,532	56,631	55,121
Insurance services	54,432	55,582	57,597	56,095	58,910	57,937	57,552	60,077
Machinery manufacturing	56,517	51,406	49,804	51,257	52,756	52,087	49,864	48,858
Marketing, publishing and printing	55,578	56,656	51,458	49,357	53,711	50,915	44,446	47,684
Metal manufacturing and products	71,259	70,089	69,774	68,311	72,018	67,001	67,135	65,706
Music, video and performing arts	22,594	23,271	23,190	23,012	32,556	28,259	24,531	23,590
Paper and wood	49,979	48,034	49,733	48,357	48,584	49,236	48,503	48,695
Real estate, construction and development	49,356	50,098	51,428	52,306	54,183	52,461	54,477	55,109
Retail	31,520	31,870	32,719	32,849	34,194	34,998	34,714	34,293
Social assistance	25,903	25,709	25,179	25,510	26,887	25,080	24,875	25,163
Transportation and logistics	49,684	50,423	52,677	52,938	53,612	52,482	52,494	52,564
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	45,612	45,717	47,890	47,411	48,437	52,044	59,536	57,244
Utilities	74,694	72,693	69,334	69,408	77,867	71,584	64,636	63,877

Industry clusters with LQ > 1	43,769	43,740	43,771	43,755	46,059	45,533	45,197	44,861
Industry clusters with LQ <= 1	53,894	54,764	53,654	53,694	57,155	55,679	54,470	54,278

Average earnings (total)	45,620	45,740	46,032	46,321	49,118	47,859	47,077	47,007
NOTES: Earnings are in 2023 dollars. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

El Paso demographics
Total population (2023)	872,063
Age distribution (percent)
Median (years)	33.9
Under 15 years	21.0
15–24 years	15.3
25–54 years	39.8
55–64 years	10.4
Over 64 years	13.4
Race/ethnicity (percent)
White, not Hispanic or Latino	10.9
Hispanic or Latino	82.8
Black/African American	3.1
American Indian/Alaska native	0.3
Asian	1.1
Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	0.2
Other race	0.2
Two or more races	45.2
Median household income (2023)	$58,800
Poverty status (percent)
Population below poverty	18.5
Receiving food stamps/SNAP benefits	20.1
Receiving cash public assistance	2.8
Education (percent)
High school graduate or higher	81.0
Bachelor’s degree or higher	25.9
Less than 9th grade	12.2
9th–12th grade, no diploma	6.8
High school graduate or equivalent	26.0
Some college, no degree	20.3
Associate’s degree	8.9
Bachelor’s degree	16.9
Graduate or professional degree	9.0
Average family size	2.8
Foreign-born status (percent)
Foreign born	22.5
From Latin America (excl. Mexico)	4.3
From Mexico	89.1
From Europe	2.1
From Asia	3.7
From Africa	1.2
From Oceania	0.2
From North America (exc. Mexico)	0.3
Workforce characteristics (percent)
Population (16 years and over) in labor force	62.9
Population (16 years and over) unemployed	2.5
Self-employed	5.3
Health insurance (percent)
Population with no health insurance	21.8
NOTES: Data refer to 2023. SOURCES: American Community Survey.

Fort Worth–Arlington–Grapevine

Location quotients, employment shares, average annual earnings, demographics

Fort Worth location quotients
Industry cluster	2016	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	1.0	1.0
Agribusiness	0.3	0.3
Apparel manufacturing	0.5	0.6
Biomedical	0.7	0.6
Business services	0.9	0.9
Chemicals and plastics	1.0	0.9
Distribution and e-commerce	1.3	1.3
Education	0.9	0.9
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.8	0.9
Energy and mining	1.2	1.2
Financial services	1.2	1.3
Food processing	0.7	0.7
Food services	1.1	1.2
Government	0.6	0.8
Health services	0.9	0.9
Hospitality and tourism	0.8	0.8
Household goods manufacturing and services	1.0	1.0
IT manufacturing and services	0.5	0.5
Insurance services	0.7	0.7
Machinery manufacturing	1.1	1.0
Marketing, publishing and printing	0.7	0.9
Metal manufacturing and products	0.9	1.0
Music, video and performing arts	0.9	0.8
Paper and wood	0.9	1.0
Real estate, construction and development	1.1	1.2
Retail	1.1	1.1
Social assistance	0.6	0.6
Transportation and logistics	1.3	1.2
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	1.2	1.2
Utilities	0.7	0.9
SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Fort Worth employment shares
Industry cluster	2016	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	4.9	5.4
Agribusiness	0.2	0.2
Apparel manufacturing	0.1	0.1
Biomedical	0.8	0.9
Business services	10.4	11.5
Chemicals and plastics	1.0	0.9
Distribution and e-commerce	5.6	5.9
Education	7.9	7.4
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.2	0.2
Energy and mining	6.0	5.7
Financial services	3.4	3.5
Food processing	0.5	0.6
Food services	8.0	8.1
Government	2.5	3.1
Health services	10.3	9.9
Hospitality and tourism	2.1	2.1
Household goods manufacturing and services	2.1	1.1
IT manufacturing and services	0.8	0.5
Insurance services	0.9	1.0
Machinery manufacturing	0.9	0.7
Marketing, publishing and printing	0.9	0.7
Metal manufacturing and products	1.1	1.2
Music, video and performing arts	0.5	0.4
Paper and wood	0.5	0.5
Real estate, construction and development	8.4	9.5
Retail	10.3	9.7
Social assistance	1.5	1.5
Transportation and logistics	3.5	3.8
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	4.2	2.9
Utilities	0.7	0.8
NOTE: The percentage shares of individual clusters are normalized to sum to 100, because some industries are counted in multiple clusters and some industries are not counted at all based on cluster definitions. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Fort Worth average annual earnings
Industry cluster	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	102,581	101,331	102,676	105,897	109,579	107,088	102,303	104,057
Agribusiness	60,321	59,054	62,955	61,573	66,684	63,616	61,314	60,274
Apparel manufacturing	59,651	60,877	61,965	59,383	58,029	57,244	58,000	61,407
Biomedical	112,920	104,380	106,781	111,047	104,468	101,727	104,376	101,029
Business services	67,599	69,437	69,355	72,596	75,588	75,238	71,115	71,263
Chemicals and plastics	97,134	91,358	93,008	98,312	94,739	91,616	92,071	89,499
Distribution and e-commerce	68,978	71,671	72,876	73,585	72,127	71,076	70,481	72,259
Education	54,674	53,808	53,931	55,786	59,398	56,888	55,389	55,182
Electrical equipment manufacturing	82,736	86,065	89,240	95,176	91,624	92,280	90,340	91,499
Energy and mining	86,674	87,647	89,485	89,183	87,025	84,696	93,713	93,211
Financial services	90,778	91,416	90,710	92,589	100,528	98,546	97,793	98,216
Food processing	69,775	67,793	67,497	67,155	70,697	65,238	63,902	70,366
Food services	21,963	22,067	22,544	23,081	22,875	23,636	23,743	23,765
Government	74,244	74,366	74,534	74,528	78,270	74,118	72,075	72,377
Health services	66,834	67,240	68,236	67,598	70,354	69,220	70,950	71,278
Hospitality and tourism	29,226	28,596	28,536	29,092	29,924	32,629	31,834	38,092
Household goods manufacturing and services	49,955	49,333	49,065	48,896	50,725	50,871	54,583	54,629
IT manufacturing and services	99,174	101,112	105,129	107,050	109,758	107,357	107,567	103,447
Insurance services	83,687	89,335	88,270	93,373	91,965	84,553	89,555	90,549
Machinery manufacturing	85,842	84,353	95,307	83,757	81,809	77,317	77,427	80,276
Marketing, publishing and printing	72,037	69,660	69,963	70,123	72,581	73,438	70,495	71,312
Metal manufacturing and products	65,148	66,227	66,363	67,532	67,529	65,686	65,902	67,810
Music, video and performing arts	24,616	25,686	24,409	25,631	28,629	30,866	36,405	36,876
Paper and wood	61,485	62,170	63,461	63,490	64,925	67,092	68,838	66,281
Real estate, construction and development	70,354	72,569	72,637	73,243	75,158	74,840	75,109	75,671
Retail	38,872	38,319	38,804	39,123	41,670	42,369	41,242	40,316
Social assistance	32,752	33,719	32,786	32,671	34,604	34,625	34,796	34,697
Transportation and logistics	58,181	59,078	61,931	61,143	61,741	60,945	59,534	59,432
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	54,526	53,759	55,300	55,695	57,451	60,846	69,645	67,030
Utilities	97,634	96,689	98,441	99,860	100,554	99,486	98,936	101,537

Industry clusters with LQ > 1	68,820	66,504	68,303	67,836	64,319	67,491	68,657	69,823
Industry clusters with LQ <= 1	67,249	68,567	69,472	70,873	74,578	70,792	70,121	71,075

Average earnings (total)	63,218	63,772	64,586	65,482	68,056	66,401	65,502	65,913
NOTE: Earnings are in 2023 dollars. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Fort Worth demographics
Total population (2023)	2,637,444
Age distribution (percent)
Median (years)	35.8
Under 15 years	20.4
15–24 years	14.0
25–54 years	41.1
55–64 years	11.5
Over 64 years	13.1
Race/ethnicity (percent)
White, Not Hispanic or Latino	46.4
Hispanic or Latino	28.9
Black/African American	15.2
American Indian/Alaska native	0.2
Asian	5.2
Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	0.2
Other race	0.5
Two or more races	3.5
Median household income (2023)	$83,059
Poverty status (percent)
Population below poverty	10.7
Receiving food stamps/SNAP benefits	9.3
Receiving cash public assistance	1.8
Education (percent)
High school graduate or higher	87.5
Bachelor’s degree or higher	34.4
Less than 9th grade	6.2
9th–12th grade, no diploma	6.3
High school graduate or equivalent	24.2
Some college, no degree	21.0
Associate’s degree	7.9
Bachelor’s degree	22.7
Graduate or professional degree	11.7
Average household size	2.7
Foreign-born status (percent)
Foreign born	15.7
From Latin America	14.8
From Mexico	41.1
From Europe	4.4
From Asia	26.3
From Africa	11.3
From Oceania	0.9
From North America	1.2
Workforce characteristics (percent)
Population (16 years and over) in labor force	69.2
Population (16 years and over) unemployed	2.6
Self-employed	6.1
Health insurance (percent)
Population with no health insurance	15.4
NOTE: Data refer to 2023. SOURCE: American Community Survey.

Houston–Pasadena–The Woodlands

Location quotients, employment shares, average annual earnings, demographics

Houston–Pasadena–The Woodlands location quotients
Industry cluster	2016	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	0.8	0.8
Agribusiness	0.2	0.2
Apparel manufacturing	0.3	0.4
Biomedical	0.7	0.7
Business services	1.1	1.1
Chemicals and plastics	1.6	1.5
Distribution and e-commerce	1.2	1.2
Education	1.1	1.1
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.8	0.8
Energy and mining	2.2	2.1
Financial services	0.9	0.9
Food processing	0.5	0.5
Food services	1.1	1.1
Government	0.7	0.8
Health services	0.9	0.9
Hospitality and tourism	0.7	0.8
Household goods manufacturing and services	0.8	0.7
IT manufacturing and services	0.6	0.6
Insurance services	0.7	0.7
Machinery manufacturing	2.1	1.8
Marketing, publishing and printing	0.5	0.6
Metal manufacturing and products	1.3	1.3
Music, video and performing arts	0.5	0.5
Paper and wood	0.3	0.3
Real estate, construction and development	1.5	1.4
Retail	0.9	1.0
Social assistance	0.7	0.6
Transportation and logistics	1.2	1.1
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	0.8	0.8
Utilities	1.1	1.2
SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Houston–Pasadena–The Woodlands employment shares
Industry cluster	2016	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	3.4	3.7
Agribusiness	0.1	0.1
Apparel manufacturing	0.1	0.1
Biomedical	0.8	1.0
Business services	12.9	13.5
Chemicals and plastics	1.4	1.4
Distribution and e-commerce	4.9	5.3
Education	8.2	8.6
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.2	0.2
Energy and mining	10.4	9.4
Financial services	2.3	2.3
Food processing	0.4	0.4
Food services	7.1	7.5
Government	2.5	2.8
Health services	9.1	9.5
Hospitality and tourism	1.9	1.8
Household goods manufacturing and services	1.5	0.7
IT manufacturing and services	0.9	1.0
Insurance services	0.8	0.6
Machinery manufacturing	1.5	1.3
Marketing, publishing and printing	0.6	0.5
Metal manufacturing and products	1.5	1.4
Music, video and performing arts	0.2	0.2
Paper and wood	0.1	0.1
Real estate, construction and development	10.5	10.6
Retail	8.6	8.2
Social assistance	1.4	1.5
Transportation and logistics	2.9	3.3
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	2.6	1.9
Utilities	1.0	1.0
NOTE: The percentage shares of individual clusters is normalized to sum to 100, because some industries are counted in multiple clusters and some industries are not counted at all based on cluster definitions. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Houston–Pasadena–The Woodlands average annual earnings
Industry cluster	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	90,102	90,592	92,490	91,203	95,277	92,771	91,768	93,105
Agribusiness	73,017	75,882	72,487	70,433	71,500	67,590	63,307	70,311
Apparel manufacturing	48,654	48,134	43,566	43,485	43,913	42,270	47,136	46,683
Biomedical	111,749	116,898	120,106	121,075	122,511	117,887	114,964	116,033
Business services	98,090	99,148	101,428	101,396	101,900	98,200	98,793	99,151
Chemicals and plastics	133,798	138,822	140,236	140,080	136,670	130,259	133,216	135,919
Distribution and e-commerce	95,975	96,257	96,652	96,121	94,407	91,712	91,772	93,254
Education	62,173	62,707	63,128	63,573	66,195	64,163	61,799	62,777
Electrical equipment manufacturing	88,990	93,223	95,899	91,077	89,003	82,978	84,763	88,681
Energy and mining	148,895	145,336	144,919	144,902	143,684	132,806	137,634	141,667
Financial services	104,957	107,195	109,685	111,601	117,033	117,489	116,102	114,260
Food processing	60,357	60,625	59,994	58,092	60,845	56,407	54,600	54,662
Food services	23,545	23,528	23,985	24,177	23,930	24,930	25,040	25,000
Government	83,074	82,157	82,636	84,064	81,219	80,133	78,638	79,524
Health services	70,454	69,983	69,709	70,658	71,851	71,827	71,304	71,378
Hospitality and tourism	42,501	43,623	43,535	44,830	46,282	45,278	45,070	46,429
Household goods manufacturing and services	51,979	52,385	53,741	53,602	56,088	58,199	55,865	56,090
IT manufacturing and services	104,205	109,914	111,568	109,653	111,252	111,526	105,117	107,629
Insurance services	102,315	101,483	102,600	102,961	106,470	103,323	103,170	100,972
Machinery manufacturing	119,037	119,371	116,825	112,870	109,423	100,650	102,339	107,655
Marketing, publishing and printing	83,557	81,067	80,680	81,695	83,480	82,998	77,547	77,447
Metal manufacturing and products	78,181	79,654	81,833	80,054	78,737	76,089	77,497	79,264
Music, video and performing arts	41,187	38,098	36,894	37,456	46,179	39,122	37,991	39,733
Paper and wood	52,718	54,317	57,098	58,178	61,020	60,277	64,222	59,176
Real estate, construction and development	92,344	91,676	93,005	92,730	92,138	88,276	86,679	87,410
Retail	39,021	39,039	38,884	39,024	41,450	42,480	41,447	40,315
Social assistance	31,610	31,460	31,142	31,647	34,166	32,726	33,173	33,231
Transportation and logistics	81,564	81,271	81,872	81,177	80,349	75,626	75,649	78,591
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	57,211	57,144	57,144	57,068	59,324	62,785	72,722	69,572
Utilities	116,452	121,095	122,610	121,592	121,084	120,152	123,017	125,974

Industry clusters with LQ > 1	95,459	96,261	96,954	96,243	95,320	91,169	92,130	94,242
Industry clusters with LQ <= 1	70,825	71,575	71,943	71,860	73,972	72,260	71,770	72,121

Average earnings (total)	78,833	78,284	78,996	79,397	80,580	77,126	76,492	77,182
NOTE: Earnings are in 2023 dollars. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Houston–Pasadena–The Woodlands demographics
Total population (2023)	7,510,252
Age distribution (percent)
Median (years)	35.7
Under 15 years	21.1
15–24 years	13.7
25–54 years	41.7
55–64 years	10.9
Over 64 years	12.7
Race/ethnicity (percent)
White, Not Hispanic or Latino	32.4
Hispanic or Latino	38.3
Black/African American	17.3
American Indian/Alaska native	0.1
Asian	8.4
Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	0.1
Other race	0.5
Two or more races	3
Median household income (2023)	$80,458
Poverty status (percent)
Population below poverty	13.9
Receiving food stamps/SNAP benefits	11.5
Receiving cash public assistance	2.2
Education (percent of population over 25)
High school graduate or higher	85.5
Bachelor’s degree or higher	36.0
Less than 9th grade	7.9
9th–12th grade, no diploma	6.6
High school graduate or equivalent	22.5
Some college, no degree	18.8
Associate’s degree	8.2
Bachelor’s degree	21.9
Graduate or professional degree	14.1
Average household size	2.7
Foreign-born status (percent)
Foreign born	24.8
From Latin America (exc. Mexico)	30.1
From Mexico	31.9
From Europe	4.2
From Asia	25.8
From Africa	6.6
From Oceania	0.2
From North America (exc. Mexico)	1.1
Workforce characteristics (percent)
Population (16 years and over) in labor force	67.2
Population (16 years and over) unemployed	3.5
Self-employed	6.6
Health insurance (percent)
Population with no health insurance	18.1
NOTE: Data refer to 2023. SOURCE: American Community Survey.

Lubbock

Location quotients, employment shares, average annual earnings, demographics

Lubbock location quotients
Industry cluster	2016	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	0.6	0.6
Agribusiness	0.8	0.6
Apparel manufacturing	0.1	0.1
Biomedical	0.2	0.1
Business services	0.6	0.6
Chemicals and plastics	0.3	0.2
Distribution and e-commerce	0.9	1.0
Education	1.4	1.5
Electrical equipment manufacturing	N/A	0.2
Energy and mining	1.0	1.0
Financial services	1.0	0.9
Food processing	0.7	0.8
Food services	1.3	1.5
Government	2.7	2.9
Health services	1.3	1.3
Hospitality and tourism	0.7	0.7
Household goods manufacturing and services	0.6	0.4
IT manufacturing and services	0.9	0.5
Insurance services	0.7	0.6
Machinery manufacturing	0.7	0.6
Marketing, publishing and printing	0.5	0.6
Metal manufacturing and products	0.4	0.3
Music, video and performing arts	0.7	0.5
Paper and wood	N/A	0.1
Real estate, construction and development	0.8	0.9
Retail	1.1	1.3
Social assistance	0.7	0.7
Transportation and logistics	0.5	0.5
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	1.0	1.0
Utilities	1.2	1.3
SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Lubbock employment shares
Industry cluster	2016	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	2.6	2.9
Agribusiness	0.5	0.4
Apparel manufacturing	0.0	0.0
Biomedical	0.3	0.2
Business services	7.3	7.5
Chemicals and plastics	0.2	0.2
Distribution and e-commerce	4.0	4.4
Education	11.4	11.9
Electrical equipment manufacturing	N/A	0.1
Energy and mining	5.1	4.8
Financial services	2.8	2.4
Food processing	0.6	0.7
Food services	8.8	10.0
Government	10.5	11.0
Health services	14.0	13.3
Hospitality and tourism	1.8	1.8
Household goods manufacturing and services	1.2	0.4
IT manufacturing and services	1.4	0.5
Insurance services	1.0	0.8
Machinery manufacturing	0.5	0.4
Marketing, publishing and printing	0.6	0.5
Metal manufacturing and products	0.4	0.3
Music, video and performing arts	0.3	0.2
Paper and wood	N/A	0.1
Real estate, construction and development	6.1	7.0
Retail	10.8	11.0
Social assistance	1.7	1.9
Transportation and logistics	1.4	1.5
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	3.4	2.5
Utilities	1.2	1.2
NOTES: The percentage shares of individual clusters is normalized to sum to 100, because some industries are counted in multiple clusters and some industries are not counted at all based on cluster definitions. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Lubbock average annual earnings
Industry cluster	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	65,884	67,045	67,650	68,475	71,159	68,585	70,649	70,633
Agribusiness	58,452	61,902	62,093	65,600	67,775	64,944	66,644	64,041
Apparel manufacturing	29,284	29,301	31,067	33,061	23,912	30,545	27,816	31,639
Biomedical	72,751	74,718	73,215	80,141	85,202	70,731	89,912	67,412
Business services	47,491	48,434	49,428	50,199	54,903	52,126	52,851	54,765
Chemicals and plastics	66,202	67,695	69,438	70,978	70,701	70,783	67,857	68,660
Distribution and e-commerce	64,781	65,469	67,379	68,501	70,521	66,436	65,733	64,950
Education	59,792	59,244	60,313	60,719	63,982	60,599	57,801	56,710
Electrical equipment manufacturing	N/A	65,698	67,898	68,322	81,002	66,239	65,104	71,418
Energy and mining	67,522	70,679	77,122	82,778	76,842	72,795	82,647	82,929
Financial services	78,410	78,400	88,288	80,036	86,361	86,391	84,402	82,942
Food processing	55,081	53,844	54,303	54,897	54,757	50,974	48,326	48,348
Food services	20,025	20,032	20,129	20,457	20,664	20,626	20,510	20,320
Government	68,817	68,499	69,335	69,587	71,307	68,341	66,924	66,175
Health services	59,479	60,162	61,505	62,895	62,902	61,064	61,123	61,150
Hospitality and tourism	21,286	21,546	21,597	21,794	21,978	23,041	21,393	22,018
Household goods manufacturing and services	46,907	47,245	48,016	49,400	46,973	48,651	40,065	42,034
IT manufacturing and services	59,971	62,283	62,923	63,489	65,959	67,567	71,631	64,682
Insurance services	68,182	68,686	69,775	68,721	70,250	72,047	74,999	70,646
Machinery manufacturing	59,490	61,018	63,675	61,701	62,534	62,028	61,615	62,392
Marketing, publishing and printing	47,779	45,347	48,562	49,136	50,774	51,341	53,842	51,298
Metal manufacturing and products	53,180	59,162	59,837	55,921	54,578	52,084	51,476	55,014
Music, video and performing arts	28,383	28,519	28,372	25,003	31,753	27,552	26,184	25,655
Paper and wood	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	38,798	40,756
Real estate, construction and development	56,276	57,032	59,661	60,593	61,794	59,751	59,847	60,449
Retail	35,137	35,288	35,463	36,316	37,062	37,294	37,253	36,703
Social assistance	34,564	34,221	33,881	34,116	36,413	34,587	35,316	36,458
Transportation and logistics	51,797	52,637	54,085	54,608	55,667	53,292	54,508	56,415
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	51,523	51,351	51,884	52,207	53,817	54,880	63,263	62,271
Utilities	76,463	73,126	73,790	74,814	75,706	77,576	74,621	73,652

Industry clusters with LQ > 1	57,463	57,420	59,759	57,472	57,785	56,647	58,875	58,318
Industry clusters with LQ <= 1	51,925	53,481	54,546	56,264	58,171	53,937	55,233	54,522

Average earnings (total)	50,750	51,300	52,600	53,128	54,786	52,197	51,891	51,818
NOTES: Earnings are in 2023 dollars. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Lubbock demographics
Total population (2023)	360,342
Age distribution (percent)
Median (years)	32.6
Under 15 years	19.4
15–24 years	19.7
25–54 years	37.4
55–64 years	9.7
Over 64 years	14.0
Race/ethnicity (percent)
White, Not Hispanic or Latino	50.5
Hispanic or Latino	38.0
Black/African American	6.6
American Indian/Alaska native	0.2
Asian	2.0
Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	0.1
Other race	0.3
Two or more races	20.0
Median household income (2023)	$62,288
Poverty status (percent)
Population below poverty	17.5
Receiving food stamps/SNAP benefits	11.9
Receiving cash public assistance	1.9
Education (percent)
High school graduate or higher	87.2
Bachelor’s degree or higher	30.1
Less than 9th grade	5.0
9th–12th grade, no diploma	7.8
High school graduate or equivalent	27.0
Some college, no degree	22.9
Associate’s degree	7.1
Bachelor’s degree	18.6
Graduate or professional degree	11.6
Average household size	2.4
Foreign-born status (percent)*
Foreign born	6.2
from Latin America (exc. Mexico)	12.8
from Mexico	41.1
from Europe	5.5
from Asia	26.5
from Africa	9.8
from Oceania	0.6
from North America (exc. Mexico)	3.6
Workforce characteristics (percent)
Population (16 years and over) in labor force	66.1
Population (16 years and over) unemployed	2.6
Self-employed	7.2
Health insurance (percent)
Population with no health insurance	12.9
NOTES: Data refer to 2023. SOURCE: American Community Survey 1-year estimates. *American Community Survey 5-year estimates.

McAllen–Edinburg–Mission

Location quotients, employment shares, average annual earnings, demographics

McAllen location quotients
Industry cluster	2016	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	0.7	0.7
Agribusiness	1.1	0.6
Apparel manufacturing	0.5	0.2
Biomedical	0.2	0.2
Business services	0.5	0.5
Chemicals and plastics	0.1	0.2
Distribution and e-commerce	0.7	0.6
Education	1.8	1.6
Electrical equipment manufacturing	N/A	0.3
Energy and mining	0.6	0.4
Financial services	0.8	0.6
Food processing	0.4	0.3
Food services	1.0	1.1
Government	1.2	1.2
Health services	1.6	1.8
Hospitality and tourism	0.5	0.4
Household goods manufacturing and services	0.5	0.1
IT manufacturing and services	0.3	0.6
Insurance services	0.5	0.4
Machinery manufacturing	0.1	0.2
Marketing, publishing and printing	0.2	0.2
Metal manufacturing and products	0.4	0.3
Music, video and performing arts	0.2	0.5
Paper and wood	0.4	0.3
Real estate, construction and development	0.6	0.6
Retail	1.4	1.3
Social assistance	2.3	2.2
Transportation and logistics	1.0	0.8
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	1.0	0.8
Utilities	0.9	1.3
SOURCES: TexasWorkforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

McAllen employment shares
Industry cluster	2016	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	3.5	4.0
Agribusiness	0.7	0.4
Apparel manufacturing	0.1	0.0
Biomedical	0.2	0.2
Business services	5.8	6.8
Chemicals and plastics	0.1	0.2
Distribution and e-commerce	3.0	3.0
Education	15.0	14.1
Electrical equipment manufacturing	N/A	0.1
Energy and mining	3.1	2.3
Financial services	2.1	1.9
Food processing	0.3	0.3
Food services	7.4	8.0
Government	5.1	4.8
Health services	18.2	20.6
Hospitality and tourism	1.3	1.1
Household goods manufacturing and services	1.0	0.1
IT manufacturing and services	0.5	0.6
Insurance services	0.6	0.7
Machinery manufacturing	0.1	0.1
Marketing, publishing and printing	0.2	0.2
Metal manufacturing and products	0.5	0.4
Music, video and performing arts	0.1	0.2
Paper and wood	0.2	0.2
Real estate, construction and development	4.4	5.1
Retail	13.5	12.1
Social assistance	5.6	6.3
Transportation and logistics	2.7	2.7
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	3.5	2.0
Utilities	1.0	1.3
NOTE: The percentage shares of individual clusters is normalized to sum to 100, because some industries are counted in multiple clusters and some industries are not counted at all based on cluster definitions. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

McAllen average annual earnings
Industry cluster	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	74,919	74,984	77,818	77,244	80,137	76,648	73,081	72,127
Agribusiness	38,794	40,321	41,114	43,215	45,974	41,749	41,979	44,713
Apparel manufacturing	37,830	37,021	35,598	40,706	45,043	40,701	50,816	47,869
Biomedical	72,682	65,429	68,706	64,461	70,985	68,055	63,505	66,996
Business services	38,519	38,430	39,643	41,225	43,045	41,752	42,428	42,624
Chemicals and plastics	54,985	56,785	56,296	53,745	52,742	47,838	48,053	48,770
Distribution and e-commerce	51,808	52,598	52,206	53,099	55,872	54,294	53,999	55,181
Education	51,601	51,809	52,044	53,640	56,008	56,133	53,314	51,603
Electrical equipment manufacturing	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	53,138	25,600	51,573
Energy and mining	52,546	56,344	58,296	57,528	57,066	53,053	64,418	65,751
Financial services	51,900	52,362	52,077	50,342	53,375	52,411	51,531	51,721
Food processing	32,625	35,878	31,654	31,477	35,148	32,686	32,536	34,532
Food services	18,384	18,190	18,429	18,883	18,574	19,460	18,883	19,023
Government	46,758	45,944	47,254	49,087	51,721	50,149	49,370	49,664
Health services	40,046	38,688	37,894	37,424	38,429	37,540	36,513	36,072
Hospitality and tourism	20,176	20,143	20,877	20,717	20,871	20,851	20,792	21,003
Household goods manufacturing and services	42,376	42,911	41,308	41,701	43,239	42,319	36,251	35,177
IT manufacturing and services	61,150	58,184	52,485	54,517	59,928	56,187	53,640	54,076
Insurance services	45,185	44,157	44,051	46,168	46,635	44,949	46,029	47,261
Machinery manufacturing	58,207	49,099	46,902	49,012	49,816	44,552	54,010	54,754
Marketing, publishing and printing	34,553	35,956	36,316	36,562	38,779	39,474	47,200	48,204
Metal manufacturing and products	47,316	44,329	43,211	44,700	44,672	44,435	44,781	46,624
Music, video and performing arts	21,599	27,279	18,544	25,402	41,346	36,395	34,402	32,057
Paper and wood	58,681	57,235	54,389	54,458	67,597	65,915	60,056	55,820
Real estate, construction and development	42,790	43,953	44,879	45,930	47,013	45,533	46,708	47,752
Retail	32,272	32,603	33,101	32,698	35,447	35,490	35,110	33,770
Social assistance	20,250	20,505	19,873	19,615	20,012	20,770	19,752	19,790
Transportation and logistics	47,695	48,887	50,831	47,347	49,132	47,997	47,764	47,272
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	43,454	44,849	45,844	44,006	46,036	51,011	65,721	59,561
Utilities	55,444	54,996	53,056	53,659	58,654	54,501	53,439	54,398

Industry clusters with LQ > 1	35,444	37,882	37,379	37,858	39,835	39,149	38,054	37,760
Industry clusters with LQ <= 1	47,264	46,697	45,812	46,271	49,435	47,649	47,754	48,824

Average earnings (total)	40,635	40,531	40,622	40,678	42,551	41,637	40,794	40,350
NOTE: Earnings are in 2021 dollars. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

McAllen demographics
Total population (2023)	898,471
Age distribution (percent)
Median (years)	30.9
Under 15 years	25.1
15–24 years	16.7
25–54 years	37.5
55–64 years	8.8
Over 64 years	11.8
Race/ethnicity (percent)
White, Not Hispanic or Latino	6.0
Hispanic or Latino	91.9
Black/African American	0.6
American Indian/Alaska native	0.1
Asian	1.0
Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	0.0
Other race	0.1
Two or more races	0.2
Median household income (2023)	$52,281
Poverty status (percent)
Population below poverty	27.2
Receiving food stamps/SNAP benefits	28.2
Receiving cash public assistance	1.9
Education (percent of population over 25)
High school graduate or higher	71.0
Bachelor’s degree or higher	20.7
Less than 9th grade	17.1
9th–12th grade, no diploma	11.9
High school graduate or equivalent	25.6
Some college, no degree	18.1
Associate’s degree	6.7
Bachelor’s degree	14.0
Graduate or professional degree	6.7
Average household size	3.2
Foreign-born status (percent)
Foreign born	25.5
From Latin America (excl. Mexico)	3.3
From Mexico	92.4
From Europe	0.4
From Asia	3.2
From Africa	0.3
From Oceania	0.0
From North America	0.4
Workforce characteristics (percent)
Population (16 years and over) in labor force	59.9
Population (16 years and over) unemployed	3.3
Self-employed	11.0
Health insurance (percent)
Population with no health insurance	25.3
NOTE: Data refer to 2023. SOURCE: American Community Survey

Midland–Odessa

Location quotients, employment shares, average annual earnings, demographics

Midland-Odessa location quotients
Industry cluster	2016	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	0.4	0.3
Agribusiness	0.1	0.0
Apparel manufacturing	0.1	0.1
Biomedical	0.1	0.1
Business services	0.6	0.6
Chemicals and plastics	0.5	0.3
Distribution and e-commerce	1.6	1.7
Education	0.8	0.7
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.0	0.0
Energy and mining	4.9	6.1
Financial services	0.6	0.5
Food processing	0.1	0.1
Food services	1.1	1.1
Government	2.2	1.8
Health services	0.7	0.6
Hospitality and tourism	0.6	0.7
Household goods manufacturing and services	0.5	0.3
IT manufacturing and services	0.3	0.2
Insurance services	0.3	0.2
Machinery manufacturing	2.0	2.1
Marketing, publishing and printing	0.2	0.2
Metal manufacturing and products	0.9	0.9
Music, video and performing arts	0.3	0.1
Paper and wood	NA	NA
Real estate, construction and development	1.2	1.2
Retail	1.0	0.9
Social assistance	0.5	0.3
Transportation and logistics	1.0	0.9
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	1.2	0.9
Utilities	0.7	1.0
SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Midland-Odessa employment shares
Industry cluster	2016	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	1.8	1.7
Agribusiness	0.0	0.0
Apparel manufacturing	0.0	0.0
Biomedical	0.1	0.2
Business services	6.6	7.1
Chemicals and plastics	0.4	0.2
Distribution and e-commerce	6.3	7.4
Education	6.2	5.7
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.0	0.0
Energy and mining	22.5	28.0
Financial services	1.6	1.3
Food processing	0.1	0.1
Food services	7.1	7.3
Government	8.1	6.6
Health services	7.5	5.8
Hospitality and tourism	1.6	1.6
Household goods manufacturing and services	1.0	0.3
IT manufacturing and services	0.5	0.2
Insurance services	0.4	0.3
Machinery manufacturing	1.4	1.5
Marketing, publishing and printing	0.3	0.1
Metal manufacturing and products	1.1	1.1
Music, video and performing arts	0.1	0.0
Paper and wood	NA	NA
Real estate, construction and development	8.5	9.3
Retail	9.1	7.8
Social assistance	1.0	0.9
Transportation and logistics	2.4	2.5
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	3.6	2.0
Utilities	0.6	0.8
NOTE: The percentage shares of individual clusters is normalized to sum to 100, because some industries are counted in multiple clusters and some industries are not counted at all based on cluster definitions. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Midland-Odessa average annual earnings
Industry cluster	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	78,831	81,689	83,201	86,107	83,790	82,568	84,611	87,185
Agribusiness	54,923	59,243	60,265	63,004	63,715	64,989	58,843	47,340
Apparel manufacturing	42,360	28,130	52,978	45,936	47,888	45,390	32,552	45,979
Biomedical	74,177	87,214	92,564	96,275	93,840	92,751	92,856	96,004
Business services	84,738	85,211	87,942	88,624	90,106	85,739	87,569	89,625
Chemicals and plastics	69,384	70,531	74,000	73,554	77,139	79,818	75,489	76,889
Distribution and e-commerce	88,435	96,920	100,304	102,176	94,341	92,350	96,067	100,262
Education	52,842	52,369	52,840	54,825	57,480	53,970	52,323	50,790
Electrical equipment manufacturing	43,151	NA	42,472	77,983	69,687	88,566	62,781	68,047
Energy and mining	110,077	118,060	118,791	119,333	118,047	114,427	117,421	119,514
Financial services	73,219	72,284	79,783	83,496	84,162	83,839	88,509	89,988
Food processing	26,199	27,260	34,538	37,446	40,025	38,168	38,300	40,927
Food services	23,248	23,681	25,770	26,569	25,899	25,888	25,600	26,094
Government	61,922	62,166	63,662	65,479	67,105	63,779	63,581	64,197
Health services	61,812	61,216	63,593	66,466	67,883	63,757	65,718	64,580
Hospitality and tourism	27,820	27,864	29,986	30,645	30,837	29,696	31,056	28,926
Household goods manufacturing and services	45,392	46,586	49,357	49,511	50,574	47,430	55,916	59,682
IT manufacturing and services	76,279	83,515	86,663	97,410	82,227	67,201	74,897	81,324
Insurance services	73,597	68,213	66,666	68,143	65,629	73,472	75,000	92,788
Machinery manufacturing	93,951	94,496	102,779	105,002	102,800	102,517	109,681	107,840
Marketing, publishing and printing	45,444	45,330	49,094	49,301	54,093	54,206	40,846	44,009
Metal manufacturing and products	82,942	88,976	92,049	89,330	82,814	81,710	84,546	86,297
Music, video and performing arts	22,327	21,904	24,603	28,171	28,335	30,955	23,774	34,249
Paper and wood	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Real estate, construction and development	76,257	80,008	86,027	87,028	82,429	77,841	80,406	82,079
Retail	40,478	42,453	45,557	46,521	45,504	46,417	44,586	42,873
Social assistance	36,610	36,264	36,933	36,830	40,864	37,503	38,385	39,472
Transportation and logistics	61,701	69,431	77,865	79,279	73,132	73,351	78,485	79,630

Industry clusters with LQ > 1	72,185	76,759	81,893	83,612	80,213	76,928	79,420	81,654
Industry clusters with LQ <= 1	59,213	59,367	62,043	65,745	66,933	65,979	64,707	67,676

Average earnings (total)	72,185	76,759	81,893	83,612	80,213	76,928	79,420	81,654
NOTE: Earnings are in 2023 dollars. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Midland–Odessa demographics
Total population (2023)	346,926
Age distribution (percent)
Median (years)	32.3
Under 15 years	24.7
15–24 years	13.7
25–54 years	41.8
55–64 years	9.1
Over 64 years	10.6
Race/ethnicity (percent)
White, Not Hispanic or Latino	35.5
Hispanic or Latino	55.1
Black/African American	5.6
American Indian/Alaska native	0.1
Asian	1.8
Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	0.1
Other race	0.1
Two or more races	1.7
Median household income (2023)	$64,210
Poverty status (percent)
Population below poverty	12.9
Receiving food stamps/SNAP benefits	8.9
Receiving cash public assistance	2
Education (percent)
High school graduate or higher	84.8
Bachelor’s degree or higher	26.1
Less than 9th grade	7.0
9th–12th grade, no diploma	8.2
High school graduate or equivalent	31.6
Some college, no degree	19.2
Associate’s degree	7.9
Bachelor’s degree	17.5
Graduate or professional degree	8.6
Average household size	2.5
Foreign-born status (percent)
Foreign born	14.4
From Latin America	14.9
From Mexico	66.6
From Europe	1.7
From Asia	9.8
From Africa	4.6
From Oceania	0.1
From North America	2.3
Workforce characteristics (percent)
Population (16 years and over) in labor force	68.9
Population (16 years and over) unemployed	4.7
Self-employed	7.3
Health insurance (percent)
Population with no health insurance	15.8
NOTE: All data refer to 2023. SOURCE: American Community Survey 1-year estimates.

San Antonio–New Braunfels

Location quotients, employment shares, average annual earnings, demographics

San Antonio location quotients
Industry cluster	2016	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	0.7	0.8
Agribusiness	0.3	0.4
Apparel manufacturing	0.3	0.6
Biomedical	0.7	0.5
Business services	0.9	0.9
Chemicals and plastics	0.3	0.2
Distribution and e-commerce	0.8	0.9
Education	1.1	1.1
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.2	0.2
Energy and mining	0.9	1.0
Financial services	1.5	1.4
Food processing	0.8	0.8
Food services	1.3	1.2
Government	0.9	0.9
Health services	1.1	1.1
Hospitality and tourism	1.1	1.1
Household goods manufacturing and services	0.7	0.5
IT manufacturing and services	0.6	0.7
Insurance services	2.0	1.6
Machinery manufacturing	0.4	0.5
Marketing, publishing and printing	0.5	0.5
Metal manufacturing and products	0.4	0.4
Music, video and performing arts	0.7	0.6
Paper and wood	0.4	0.4
Real estate, construction and development	1.0	1.1
Retail	1.0	1.1
Social assistance	1.0	0.8
Transportation and logistics	0.7	0.7
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	1.2	1.4
Utilities	1.3	1.5
SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

San Antonio employment shares
Industry cluster	2016	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	3.5	4.0
Agribusiness	0.2	0.2
Apparel manufacturing	0.1	0.1
Biomedical	0.9	0.8
Business services	11.4	12.1
Chemicals and plastics	0.2	0.2
Distribution and e-commerce	3.5	4.2
Education	9.1	8.7
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.0	0.1
Energy and mining	4.6	4.8
Financial services	4.1	3.9
Food processing	0.6	0.7
Food services	8.7	8.7
Government	3.6	3.6
Health services	12.3	12.1
Hospitality and tourism	3.0	2.8
Household goods manufacturing and services	1.3	0.5
IT manufacturing and services	1.0	0.7
Insurance services	2.7	2.4
Machinery manufacturing	0.3	0.4
Marketing, publishing and printing	0.7	0.4
Metal manufacturing and products	0.4	0.4
Music, video and performing arts	0.3	0.3
Paper and wood	0.2	0.2
Real estate, construction and development	7.7	8.8
Retail	10.0	9.7
Social assistance	2.3	2.1
Transportation and logistics	2.0	2.1
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	3.9	3.4
Utilities	1.3	1.4
NOTE: The percentage shares of individual clusters are normalized to sum to 100, because some industries are counted in multiple clusters and some industries are not counted at all based on cluster definitions. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

San Antonio average annual earnings
Industry cluster	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	80,282	80,223	79,870	80,528	82,443	80,169	77,912	77,492
Agribusiness	51,841	53,703	52,952	53,617	56,819	57,150	57,350	52,909
Apparel manufacturing	43,944	44,703	44,786	45,947	48,936	44,758	44,193	45,323
Biomedical	89,261	87,354	85,729	83,113	86,536	83,829	82,653	84,756
Business services	66,639	67,687	66,892	68,590	72,578	70,959	70,563	71,374
Chemicals and plastics	74,869	71,438	67,650	67,832	75,320	70,943	69,340	69,036
Distribution and e-commerce	69,542	69,178	70,035	72,798	71,343	71,694	68,615	70,737
Education	56,152	56,723	56,817	55,963	58,107	56,714	55,186	55,886
Electrical equipment manufacturing	82,987	75,663	78,680	82,830	82,230	76,913	76,502	82,761
Energy and mining	79,948	81,160	83,150	86,268	83,976	79,287	85,529	85,142
Financial services	74,359	75,746	78,001	81,341	88,681	88,016	88,806	88,382
Food processing	58,670	58,803	58,326	57,850	60,581	58,857	55,054	56,398
Food services	22,304	22,437	22,616	22,823	22,911	24,281	24,368	24,492
Government	59,957	60,377	61,531	61,020	62,941	61,745	60,966	62,178
Health services	61,738	61,900	62,618	62,723	64,279	64,524	63,128	62,958
Hospitality and tourism	37,628	38,397	38,632	39,096	41,290	38,883	38,885	38,142
Household goods manufacturing and services	45,498	44,743	46,259	45,629	47,244	47,543	47,282	48,154
IT manufacturing and services	94,893	95,778	93,847	94,192	96,450	93,740	82,694	81,552
Insurance services	102,087	103,988	107,337	107,447	113,593	107,281	107,176	106,748
Machinery manufacturing	76,775	82,100	89,604	84,286	80,467	78,983	75,935	78,861
Marketing, publishing and printing	57,027	53,061	55,394	55,929	60,150	59,944	61,493	60,900
Metal manufacturing and products	66,714	65,065	67,427	67,555	69,978	64,858	64,865	65,605
Music, video and performing arts	31,274	32,424	29,565	32,876	42,642	37,873	36,912	34,773
Paper and wood	49,738	45,855	50,029	54,695	68,760	67,782	65,859	67,101
Real estate, construction and development	67,834	67,792	68,667	70,413	73,744	69,956	70,149	70,824
Retail	38,565	38,363	38,884	39,479	42,491	43,323	42,607	41,186
Social assistance	31,023	30,777	31,641	31,607	33,445	35,476	37,262	36,387
Transportation and logistics	53,678	54,035	55,942	56,822	56,173	55,642	56,607	56,447
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	58,580	59,961	61,590	62,726	63,690	66,756	74,227	72,372
Utilities	85,436	85,025	83,853	84,117	85,610	79,794	78,966	79,417

Industry clusters with LQ > 1	60,468	61,033	61,150	64,763	65,440	63,953	64,350	64,041
Industry clusters with LQ <= 1	62,968	62,488	63,492	62,867	66,746	64,724	63,697	64,193

Average earnings (total)	57,766	58,115	58,845	59,620	62,658	61,057	60,042	60,160
NOTE: Earnings are in 2023 dollars. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

San Antonio demographics
Total population (2023)	2,703,999
Age distribution (percent)
Median (years)	36.2
Under 15 years	19.8
15–24 years	13.7
25–54 years	41.2
55–64 years	10.9
Over 64 years	14.3
Race/ethnicity (percent)
White, Not Hispanic or Latino	32.1
Hispanic or Latino	54.7
Black/African American	6.6
American Indian/Alaska native	0.1
Asian	2.7
Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	0.1
Other race	0.6
Two or more races	3.0
Median household income (2023)	$74,297
Poverty status (percent)
Population below poverty	13.6
Receiving food stamps/SNAP benefits	12.6
Receiving cash public assistance	2.3
Education (percent)
High school graduate or higher	87.7
Bachelor’s degree or higher	33.1
Less than 9th grade	5.9
9th–12th grade, no diploma	6.4
High school graduate or equivalent	25.1
Some college, no degree	20.6
Associate’s degree	8.9
Bachelor’s degree	20.7
Graduate or professional degree	12.4
Average household size	2.7
Foreign-born status (percent)
Foreign born	12.5
From Latin America (exc. Mexico)	13.3
From Mexico	57.8
From Europe	5.5
From Asia	18.7
From Africa	3.2
From Oceania	0.4
From North America	1.1
Workforce characteristics (percent)
Population (16 years and over) in labor force	65.3
Population (16 years and over) unemployed	2.8
Self-employed	6.7
Health insurance (percent)
Population with no health insurance	13.8
NOTE: Data are from the 2023 survey. SOURCE: American Community Survey.

Tyler–Longview

Location quotients, employment shares, average annual earnings, demographics

Tyler-Longview location quotients
Industry cluster	2016	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	0.4	0.4
Agribusiness	0.1	1.8
Apparel manufacturing	0.2	0.2
Biomedical	0.2	0.2
Business services	0.6	0.6
Chemicals and plastics	1.5	0.3
Distribution and e-commerce	0.9	0.9
Education	1.0	1.0
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.1	1.2
Energy and mining	1.5	1.5
Financial services	0.9	0.8
Food processing	0.3	0.4
Food services	1.0	1.1
Government	1.0	1.0
Health services	1.4	1.3
Hospitality and tourism	0.5	0.5
Household goods manufacturing and services	0.8	0.6
IT manufacturing and services	0.3	0.3
Insurance services	0.8	0.5
Machinery manufacturing	2.0	1.8
Marketing, publishing and printing	0.3	0.3
Metal manufacturing and products	1.2	1.4
Music, video and performing arts	0.2	0.2
Paper and wood	0.9	0.8
Real estate, construction and development	0.9	0.9
Retail	1.1	1.2
Social assistance	0.7	0.7
Transportation and logistics	0.7	0.6
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	0.9	0.9
Utilities	1.0	1.0
SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Tyler-Longview employment shares
Industry cluster	2016	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	2.1	2.4
Agribusiness	0.1	1.3
Apparel manufacturing	0.1	0.0
Biomedical	0.3	0.4
Business services	7.9	8.3
Chemicals and plastics	1.5	0.4
Distribution and e-commerce	4.2	4.6
Education	8.8	9.1
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.0	0.3
Energy and mining	7.9	7.9
Financial services	2.8	2.3
Food processing	0.3	0.4
Food services	7.8	8.4
Government	4.3	4.2
Health services	16.1	15.9
Hospitality and tourism	1.4	1.4
Household goods manufacturing and services	1.7	0.7
IT manufacturing and services	0.5	0.4
Insurance services	1.2	0.9
Machinery manufacturing	1.7	1.4
Marketing, publishing and printing	0.4	0.3
Metal manufacturing and products	1.6	1.7
Music, video and performing arts	0.1	0.1
Paper and wood	0.5	0.4
Real estate, construction and development	7.1	7.9
Retail	11.4	11.6
Social assistance	1.8	2.0
Transportation and logistics	2.1	2.0
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	3.4	2.4
Utilities	1.1	1.0
NOTE: The percentage shares of individual clusters is normalized to sum to 100, because some industries are counted in multiple clusters and some industries are not counted at all based on cluster definitions. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Tyler-Longview average annual earnings
Industry cluster	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Aerospace, defense and security	63,796	64,224	64,049	63,008	65,632	63,356	63,408	65,641
Agribusiness	47,376	47,530	41,924	44,805	48,052	49,758	47,445	45,262
Apparel manufacturing	29,436	30,706	29,950	33,802	47,003	30,297	31,208	34,273
Biomedical	58,309	56,203	61,141	64,071	66,262	62,537	64,316	68,513
Business services	57,288	59,625	61,624	61,398	61,158	59,479	60,964	61,843
Chemicals and plastics	76,545	76,854	79,216	60,466	60,540	61,260	65,724	67,316
Distribution and e-commerce	67,489	68,299	70,907	70,681	69,469	68,292	66,906	68,902
Education	43,711	43,278	43,035	44,183	47,349	45,084	43,680	43,500
Electrical equipment manufacturing	69,299	65,308	65,073	74,704	76,433	68,516	70,770	76,892
Energy and mining	87,141	85,572	87,038	89,431	85,318	79,131	89,174	90,277
Financial services	61,849	63,043	63,218	63,460	65,597	63,763	63,329	64,727
Food processing	58,322	55,709	52,519	52,887	55,680	51,225	47,821	46,813
Food services	18,660	18,969	18,565	18,983	20,028	20,544	20,514	20,501
Government	58,819	59,358	59,918	63,301	65,851	65,993	65,449	67,590
Health services	60,548	61,775	61,252	61,849	65,152	65,216	65,974	62,586
Hospitality and tourism	23,134	22,801	22,678	22,732	23,522	23,672	24,148	25,442
Household goods manufacturing and services	42,052	43,121	42,456	42,813	42,897	40,501	41,275	45,280
IT manufacturing and services	76,818	81,793	76,044	76,246	77,100	75,291	81,466	81,918
Insurance services	65,746	66,512	63,738	65,516	64,521	59,651	59,911	62,680
Machinery manufacturing	92,243	91,224	83,797	80,597	73,646	67,474	67,071	71,165
Marketing, publishing and printing	41,417	42,723	42,354	44,096	46,094	47,337	51,545	50,643
Metal manufacturing and products	67,149	71,513	73,867	69,723	68,461	66,414	66,090	68,013
Music, video and performing arts	24,679	23,390	26,601	23,655	35,354	24,660	25,550	22,443
Paper and wood	52,397	55,630	56,848	57,393	58,408	58,784	66,011	66,497
Real estate, construction and development	60,178	60,561	62,847	61,847	60,838	58,884	59,358	61,740
Retail	35,297	35,849	36,492	36,220	38,357	38,904	37,617	36,820
Social assistance	29,644	28,245	26,490	25,451	26,701	26,645	28,304	30,890
Transportation and logistics	61,711	61,425	63,818	63,472	59,895	57,626	58,313	58,974
Transportation equipment manufacturing and services	52,196	51,778	51,535	51,817	54,162	58,030	69,411	66,276
Utilities	93,768	91,907	90,992	96,731	98,844	92,312	90,099	90,263

Industry clusters with LQ > 1	66,419	64,105	63,806	62,292	55,795	55,671	56,482	60,528
Industry clusters with LQ <= 1	52,145	52,814	52,743	53,995	58,153	54,712	56,309	55,840

Average earnings (total)	53,661	53,935	54,621	54,886	55,565	54,070	54,283	54,240
NOTE: Earnings are in 2023 dollars. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Tyler–Longview demographics
Total population (2023)	538,707
Age distribution (percent)
Median (years)	38.2
Under 15 years	16.8
15–24 years	13.7
25–54 years	37.1
55–64 years	12.1
Over 64 years	17.3
Race/ethnicity (percent)
White, Not Hispanic or Latino	58.7
Hispanic or Latino	19.2
Black/African American	18.1
American Indian/Alaska native	2.6
Asian	1.8
Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	0.0
Other race	14.2
Two or more races	4.6
Median household income (2023)*	$68,237
Poverty status (percent)
Population below poverty	14.3
Receiving food stamps/SNAP benefits	11.2
Receiving cash public assistance	2.0
Education (percent)
High school graduate or higher	87.9
Bachelor’s degree or higher	24.5
Less than 9th grade	5.1
9th–12th grade, no diploma	6.9
High school graduate or equivalent	27.1
Some college, no degree	24.6
Associate’s degree	11.6
Bachelor’s degree	15.9
Graduate or professional degree	8.5
Average household size	2.7
Foreign-born status (percent)*
Foreign born	7.2
From Latin America (excl. Mexico)	8.5
From Mexico	68.8
From Europe	4.6
From Asia	14.1
From Africa	2.8
From Oceania	0.0
From North America	0.9
Workforce characteristics (percent)
Population (16 years and over) in labor force	60.2
Population (16 years and over) unemployed	2.6
Self-employed	6.9
Health insurance (percent)
Population with no health insurance	14.7
NOTE: All data refer to 2023. SOURCE: American Community Survey 1-year estimates. *American Community Survey 5-year estimates.