At the Heart of Texas: Cities’ Industry Clusters Drive Growth

Texas location quotients
Industry cluster	2010	2017
Advanced materials	0.8	0.8
Agribusiness	0.7	0.7
Biomedical	0.6	0.6
Business and financial services	1.0	1.1
Chemicals	1.1	1.1
Computer manufacturing	1.1	1.0
Construction	1.3	1.2
Defense and security	0.9	0.9
Education	1.2	1.1
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.6	0.6
Energy and mining	1.6	1.5
Fabricated metal manufacturing	1.1	1.0
Food services	1.1	1.1
Glass and ceramics	1.1	1.1
Government	0.8	0.8
Health services	1.0	1.0
Information technology and telecommunications	1.1	1.1
Machinery manufacturing	1.1	1.0
Primary metals manufacturing	0.7	0.6
Publishing and information	0.7	0.7
Recreation	0.7	0.7
Retail	1.0	1.0
Textiles	0.6	0.5
Transportation equipment manufacturing	0.8	0.7
Transportation and logistics	1.2	1.2
Utilities	1.1	1.1
Wood products	0.8	0.8
SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Texas employment shares
Industry cluster	2010	2017
Advanced materials	3.0	2.5
Agribusiness	1.8	1.6
Biomedical	0.7	0.6
Business and financial services	8.5	9.4
Chemicals	1.7	1.6
Computer manufacturing	0.9	0.8
Construction	5.5	5.9
Defense and security	3.0	3.3
Education	11.0	9.9
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.2	0.2
Energy and mining	8.8	8.6
Fabricated metal manufacturing	1.1	1.0
Food services	7.8	8.8
Glass and ceramics	0.4	0.4
Government	6.7	5.6
Health services	11.6	11.6
Information technology and telecommunications	4.8	4.9
Machinery manufacturing	0.8	0.7
Primary metals manufacturing	0.2	0.2
Publishing and information	1.3	1.2
Recreation	2.6	2.7
Retail	11.2	11.0
Textiles	0.4	0.4
Transportation equipment manufacturing	0.8	0.7
Transportation and logistics	3.3	3.7
Utilities	0.5	0.4
Wood products	1.2	1.2
NOTE: The percentage shares of individual clusters do not add to 100 because some industries are counted in multiple clusters, and some industries are not counted at all based on cluster definitions. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Texas average annual earnings
Industry cluster	2010	2012	2014	2016	2017
Advanced materials	82,154	84,468	84,847	88,737	90,961
Agribusiness	41,048	41,242	42,360	43,300	44,134
Biomedical	90,201	89,282	91,095	93,688	96,337
Business and financial services	86,153	87,672	90,182	92,106	92,445
Chemicals	80,600	83,663	85,827	86,810	88,128
Computer manufacturing	111,364	114,313	114,392	123,805	130,458
Construction	55,346	57,915	60,684	63,024	63,224
Defense and security	77,626	77,797	80,641	84,615	85,570
Education	43,879	42,411	43,504	45,093	45,144
Electrical equipment manufacturing	66,699	67,588	72,014	70,846	71,766
Energy and mining	92,568	96,000	96,769	95,219	94,459
Fabricated metal manufacturing	58,593	60,538	61,305	60,056	60,736
Food services	17,757	17,658	17,798	18,533	18,655
Glass and ceramics	51,499	53,930	57,653	58,283	60,338
Government	55,733	55,431	56,212	58,203	58,605
Health services	50,406	49,903	50,653	52,669	52,780
Information technology and telecommunications	93,485	95,293	95,717	99,732	101,583
Machinery manufacturing	81,431	85,292	87,100	85,117	85,885
Primary metal manufacturing	61,241	60,818	61,952	59,032	60,716
Publishing and information	65,944	67,715	69,639	72,532	72,335
Recreation	34,111	34,193	34,293	35,329	35,175
Retail	30,496	30,776	31,075	31,531	31,591
Textiles	45,691	44,633	45,336	45,954	46,010
Transportation and logistics	59,586	62,194	61,913	60,621	60,887
Transportation equipment manufacturing	80,082	78,249	78,672	83,506	83,741
Utilities	101,073	105,494	103,939	107,291	111,503
Wood products	49,179	51,115	51,832	53,697	54,409

Industry clusters with LQ > 1	60,615	66,501	67,712	61,527	61,858
Industry clusters with LQ < 1	56,206	50,620	51,267	60,812	61,243

Average earnings (total)	52,779	53,998	55,102	55,490	55,800
NOTE: Earnings are in 2017 dollars. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Texas demographics
Total population (2017)	28,304,596
Age distribution (percent)
Median (years)	34.5
Under 15 years	21.9
15–24 years	14.3
25–54 years	40.5
55–64 years	11.2
Over 64 years	12.0
Race/ethnicity (percent)
White, Not Hispanic or Latino	42.5
Hispanic or Latino	39.1
Black/African American	12.1
American Indian/Alaska native	0.5
Asian	4.7
Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	0.1
Other race	5.8
Two or more races	2.6
Median household income (2017)	$59,206
Poverty status (percent)
Population below poverty	15.6
Receiving food stamps/SNAP benefits	12.3
Receiving cash public assistance	1.4
Education (percent)
High school graduate or higher	82.9
Bachelor’s degree or higher	28.9
Less than 9th grade	8.6
9th–12th grade, no diploma	8.5
High school graduate or equivalent	25.2
Some college, no degree	21.8
Associate’s degree	7.1
Bachelor’s degree	18.9
Graduate or professional degree	10.0
Average household size	2.9
Foreign-born status (percent)
Foreign born	17.0
From Latin America	68.6
From Mexico	54.7
From Europe	4.1
From Asia	21.1
From Africa	5.0
From Oceania	0.3
From North America	0.9
Workforce characteristics (percent)
Population (16 years and over) in labor force	64.5
Population (16 years and over) unemployed	3.6
Self-employed	6.9
Health insurance (percent)
Population with no health insurance	16.6
NOTE: Population and median household income figures are for 2017; other data refer to 2016. SOURCE: American Community Survey.

Amarillo location quotients
Industry cluster	2010	2017
Advanced materials	0.1	0.1
Agribusiness	0.5	0.5
Biomedical	0.1	0.1
Business and financial services	0.7	0.7
Chemicals	0.7	0.6
Computer manufacturing	0.0	0.0
Construction	1.1	1.2
Defense and security	0.4	0.4
Education	1.1	1.2
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.4	0.2
Energy and mining	0.9	1.0
Food services	1.2	1.2
Glass and ceramics	0.5	0.6
Government	0.9	1.0
Health services	1.1	1.1
Information technology and telecommunications	0.4	0.4
Machinery manufacturing	0.4	0.4
Publishing and information	0.4	0.3
Recreation	0.7	0.7
Retail	1.1	1.2
Textiles	0.3	0.2
Transportation equipment manufacturing	0.0	0.0
Transportation and logistics	0.8	0.8
Utilities	1.3	1.7
Wood products	0.5	0.4
SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Amarillo employment shares
Industry cluster	2010	2017
Advanced materials	0.4	0.3
Agribusiness	1.1	1.2
Biomedical	0.1	0.1
Business and financial services	6.3	5.8
Chemicals	1.1	1.0
Computer manufacturing	0.0	0.0
Construction	4.9	5.7
Defense and security	1.3	1.4
Education	10.5	10.1
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.1	0.1
Energy and mining	4.9	5.8
Food services	8.5	9.5
Glass and ceramics	0.2	0.2
Government	7.6	6.7
Health services	13.3	13.5
Information technology and telecommunications	1.8	1.7
Machinery manufacturing	0.3	0.3
Publishing and information	0.8	0.5
Recreation	2.5	2.5
Retail	12.6	12.8
Textiles	0.3	0.2
Transportation equipment manufacturing	0.0	0.0
Transportation and logistics	2.2	2.6
Utilities	0.6	0.6
Wood products	0.8	0.6
NOTE: The percentage shares of individual clusters do not add to 100 because some industries are counted in multiple clusters, and some industries are not counted at all based on cluster definitions. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Amarillo average annual earnings
Industry cluster	2010	2012	2014	2016	2017
Advanced materials	46,860	45,181	44,692	44,738	44,329
Agribusiness	48,136	45,884	47,574	49,298	49,993
Biomedical	47,094	49,239	47,565	44,906	47,782
Business and financial services	58,833	59,808	60,661	58,614	60,798
Chemicals	57,339	55,617	56,206	57,676	60,381
Computer manufacturing	84,711	146,965	79,171	122,321	105,638
Construction	46,959	48,845	48,714	52,114	50,999
Defense and security	40,984	48,746	49,697	48,758	47,423
Education	40,771	38,535	39,712	40,634	40,478
Electrical equipment manufacturing	79,181	124,733	76,575	70,787	70,729
Energy and mining	62,848	54,275	60,319	58,012	60,167
Food services	14,984	15,562	15,950	16,148	16,257
Glass and ceramics	45,136	45,217	45,327	47,097	48,765
Government	46,233	47,560	48,462	51,012	50,893
Health services	50,480	49,070	47,992	50,479	50,434
Information technology and telecommunications	69,663	62,336	58,289	60,694	64,088
Machinery manufacturing	51,267	51,333	54,847	58,635	55,502
Publishing and information	43,898	45,589	46,385	41,873	42,645
Recreation	20,534	20,607	21,743	21,818	20,735
Retail	27,823	27,522	27,559	28,514	28,077
Textiles	29,698	32,453	34,972	35,938	38,448
Transportation and logistics	50,499	50,093	50,550	52,079	53,517
Transportation equipment manufacturing				64,060
Utilities	86,768	88,877	92,126	98,899	103,833
Wood products	41,341	37,473	44,804	47,021	45,262

Industry clusters with LQ > 1	36,871	36,207	38,632	39,668	39,806
Industry clusters with LQ < 1	51,044	50,002	49,392	50,955	51,211

Average earnings (total)	43,813	43,270	43,510	44,619	44,891
NOTE: Earnings are in 2017 dollars. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Amarillo demographics
Total population (2017)	264,925
Age distribution (percent)
Median (years)	34.8
Under 15 years	21.6
15–24 years	14.0
25–54 years	39.5
55–64 years	11.6
Over 64 years	13.2
Race/ethnicity (percent)
White, Not Hispanic or Latino	60.4
Hispanic or Latino	28.4
Black/African American	6.0
American Indian/Alaska native	0.5
Asian	3.0
Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	0.1
Other race	2.7
Two or more races	3.0
Median household income (2017)	$53,922
Poverty status (percent)
Population below poverty	15.0
Receiving food stamps/SNAP benefits	11.7
Receiving cash public assistance	0.9
Education (percent)
High school graduate or higher	83.7
Bachelor’s degree or higher	23.7
Less than 9th grade	6.3
9th–12th grade, no diploma	9.9
High school graduate or equivalent	25.5
Some college, no degree	25.1
Associate’s degree	9.3
Bachelor’s degree	15.9
Graduate or professional degree	7.8
Average household size	2.7
Foreign-born status (percent)
Foreign born	11.1
From Latin America	61.7
From Mexico	.
From Europe	2.4
From Asia	25.4
From Africa	9.4
From Oceania	0.3
From North America	0.8
Workforce characteristics (percent)
Population (16 years and over) in labor force	65.2
Population (16 years and over) unemployed	2.2
Self-employed	6.4
Health insurance (percent)
Population with no health insurance	14.9
NOTE: Population and median household income figures are for 2017; other data refer to 2016. SOURCE: American Community Survey.

Austin location quotients
Industry cluster	2010	2017
Advanced materials	0.9	0.9
Agribusiness	0.2	0.3
Biomedical	0.8	0.7
Business and financial services	1.3	1.5
Chemicals	0.5	0.6
Computer manufacturing	3.6	3.6
Construction	1.2	1.2
Defense and security	1.0	1.4
Education	1.2	1.1
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.9	0.9
Energy and mining	1.2	1.2
Fabricated metal manufacturing	0.4	0.4
Food services	1.2	1.2
Glass and ceramics	0.8	0.8
Government	1.4	1.2
Health services	0.7	0.7
Information technology and telecommunications	2.4	2.5
Machinery manufacturing	0.5	0.5
Primary metals manufacturing	0.2	0.2
Publishing and information	1.2	1.3
Recreation	0.9	0.9
Retail	1.0	1.0
Textiles	0.3	0.3
Transportation equipment manufacturing	0.1	0.1
Transportation and logistics	0.4	0.5
Utilities	0.5	0.6
Wood products	0.5	0.6
SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Austin employment shares
Industry cluster	2010	2017
Advanced materials	3.3	2.7
Agribusiness	0.5	0.6
Biomedical	1.0	0.8
Business and financial services	10.8	13.4
Chemicals	0.8	0.8
Computer manufacturing	3.1	2.6
Construction	5.0	5.8
Defense and security	3.3	4.9
Education	11.6	9.7
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.3	0.2
Energy and mining	6.9	6.6
Fabricated metal manufacturing	0.4	0.4
Food services	8.7	10.0
Glass and ceramics	0.3	0.3
Government	10.9	8.4
Health services	8.7	8.7
Information technology and telecommunications	10.6	11.6
Machinery manufacturing	0.4	0.4
Primary metals manufacturing	0.1	0.0
Publishing and information	2.2	2.3
Recreation	3.2	3.4
Retail	10.9	10.6
Textiles	0.2	0.2
Transportation equipment manufacturing	0.1	0.1
Transportation and logistics	1.1	1.5
Utilities	0.2	0.2
Wood products	0.8	0.9
NOTE: The percentage shares of individual clusters do not add to 100 because some industries are counted in multiple clusters, and some industries are not counted at all based on cluster definitions. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Austin average annual earnings
Industry cluster	2010	2012	2014	2016	2017
Advanced materials	93,756	95,640	95,112	108,148	108,842
Agribusiness	35,729	35,009	36,646	39,251	39,444
Biomedical	84,653	86,948	94,770	98,735	105,604
Business and financial services	90,174	90,887	91,559	97,649	99,067
Chemicals	63,606	61,198	67,990	67,407	67,615
Computer manufacturing	134,849	134,613	127,210	137,120	141,034
Construction	52,051	52,445	55,686	59,481	60,828
Defense and security	86,112	88,731	93,620	105,400	107,064
Education	45,912	42,576	44,937	46,272	46,589
Electrical equipment manufacturing	74,949	86,077	77,977	79,308	75,312
Energy and mining	88,610	90,357	87,958	91,692	93,701
Fabricated metal manufacturing	49,429	50,685	51,780	54,987	53,453
Food services	18,277	18,724	19,164	20,393	20,847
Glass and ceramics	49,034	51,012	55,333	56,942	58,195
Government	57,686	57,398	60,279	62,491	62,749
Health services	56,427	56,757	57,316	59,225	58,933
Information technology and telecommunications	110,531	110,169	104,068	110,332	115,479
Machinery manufacturing	100,146	97,589	108,086	104,791	108,779
Primary metal manufacturing	45,998	51,714	50,984	49,008	54,021
Publishing and information	81,350	79,867	83,672	82,886	87,536
Recreation	32,720	34,253	34,662	36,190	36,067
Retail	31,875	32,435	33,145	34,745	35,014
Textiles	40,429	41,148	45,990	54,693	54,200
Transportation and logistics	45,122	46,614	49,298	48,674	45,486
Transportation equipment manufacturing	56,707	55,087	55,389	55,926	58,827
Utilities	106,639	146,905	91,132	92,253	95,973
Wood products	45,938	45,312	48,479	52,971	55,243

Industry clusters with LQ > 1	70,689	71,949	72,915	76,727	78,638
Industry clusters with LQ < 1	53,813	51,373	51,900	54,111	53,946

Average earnings (total)	55,013	55,501	56,118	58,497	59,742
NOTE: Earnings are in 2017 dollars. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Austin demographics
Total population (2017)	2,115,827
Age distribution (percent)
Median (years)	34.4
Under 15 years	19.9
15–24 years	13.7
25–54 years	45.6
55–64 years	10.6
Over 64 years	10.3
Race/ethnicity (percent)
White, Not Hispanic or Latino	52.6
Hispanic or Latino	32.2
Black/African American	7.2
American Indian/Alaska native	0.4
Asian	5.7
Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	0.1
Other race	5.8
Two or more races	3.5
Median household income (2017)	$73,800
Poverty status (percent)
Population below poverty	10.9
Receiving food stamps/SNAP benefits	6.8
Receiving cash public assistance	1.0
Education (percent)
High school graduate or higher	89.5
Bachelor’s degree or higher	42.8
Less than 9th grade	5.5
9th–12th grade, no diploma	5.0
High school graduate or equivalent	18.9
Some college, no degree	21.4
Associate’s degree	6.4
Bachelor’s degree	27.8
Graduate or professional degree	15.0
Average household size	2.7
Foreign-born status (percent)
Foreign born	14.4
From Latin America	57.1
From Mexico	43.9
From Europe	7.1
From Asia	29.6
From Africa	3.5
From Oceania	0.5
From North America	2.3
Workforce characteristics (percent)
Population (16 years and over) in labor force	70.9
Population (16 years and over) unemployed	3.2
Self-employed	7.9
Health insurance (percent)
Population with no health insurance	12.2
NOTE: Population and median household income figures are for 2017; other data refer to 2016. SOURCE: American Community Survey.

Beaumont-Port Arthur location quotients
Industry cluster	2010	2017
Advanced materials	1.6	1.8
Agribusiness	0.5	0.4
Biomedical	0.2	0.1
Business and financial services	0.6	0.5
Chemicals	2.7	3.3
Computer manufacturing	0.5	0.4
Construction	2.7	2.3
Defense and security	0.4	0.4
Education	1.0	1.0
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.2	0.3
Energy and mining	2.3	2.6
Fabricated metal manufacturing	2.5	2.0
Food services	1.1	1.1
Glass and ceramics	1.4	0.8
Government	0.9	0.9
Health services	1.1	1.0
Information technology and telecommunications	0.4	0.4
Machinery manufacturing	1.0	1.5
Primary metals manufacturing	1.5	1.5
Publishing and information	0.3	0.2
Recreation	0.5	0.4
Retail	1.1	1.1
Textiles	0.1	0.2
Transportation equipment manufacturing	0.5	0.4
Transportation and logistics	0.9	0.9
Utilities	1.5	1.8
Wood products	0.7	0.5
SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Beaumont-Port Arthur employment shares
Industry cluster	2010	2017
Advanced materials	5.8	5.8
Agribusiness	1.2	0.9
Biomedical	0.3	0.2
Business and financial services	4.7	4.9
Chemicals	4.1	5.0
Computer manufacturing	0.4	0.3
Construction	11.5	11.0
Defense and security	1.4	1.5
Education	10.0	9.0
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.1	0.1
Energy and mining	12.9	14.7
Fabricated metal manufacturing	2.4	1.9
Food services	7.9	8.7
Glass and ceramics	0.5	0.3
Government	7.4	6.6
Health services	12.8	11.8
Information technology and telecommunications	1.9	1.9
Machinery manufacturing	0.8	1.2
Primary metals manufacturing	0.4	0.4
Publishing and information	0.5	0.4
Recreation	1.8	1.6
Retail	12.5	12.4
Textiles	0.1	0.1
Transportation equipment manufacturing	0.5	0.5
Transportation and logistics	2.4	2.9
Utilities	0.7	0.7
Wood products	1.1	0.8
NOTE: The percentage shares of individual clusters do not add to 100 because some industries are counted in multiple clusters, and some industries are not counted at all based on cluster definitions. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Beaumont-Port Arthur average annual earnings
Industry cluster	2010	2012	2014	2016	2017
Advanced materials	90,693	97,395	105,335	107,557	114,780
Agribusiness	57,323	78,587	76,228	78,341	78,828
Biomedical	62,130	60,315	54,327	63,560	68,074
Business and financial services	72,702	73,604	76,507	77,821	74,238
Chemicals	104,749	110,483	118,628	120,187	127,863
Computer manufacturing	50,477	64,953	46,330	41,438	40,622
Construction	61,393	64,965	65,214	72,117	72,728
Defense and security	48,432	55,382	55,731	46,255	44,972
Education	39,895	37,815	38,322	39,391	39,380
Electrical equipment manufacturing	68,981	78,683	79,291	74,158	71,125
Energy and mining	88,747	89,992	90,947	100,690	98,938
Fabricated metal manufacturing	63,403	69,540	66,602	61,919	61,656
Food services	17,500	17,280	16,153	17,101	16,832
Glass and ceramics	49,285	61,444	71,238	63,896	66,970
Government	52,987	53,261	53,725	55,774	56,598
Health services	43,509	43,465	43,865	44,807	45,179
Information technology and telecommunications	69,819	73,742	69,667	70,623	67,733
Machinery manufacturing	60,754	61,640	62,879	69,385	69,905
Primary metal manufacturing	69,779	74,267	72,041	72,756	70,851
Publishing and information	52,678	43,704	46,353	52,215	52,078
Recreation	21,359	20,137	21,236	20,763	21,125
Retail	29,366	28,766	29,764	30,814	31,376
Textiles	45,254	30,043	29,525	31,363	32,662
Transportation and logistics	53,073	55,514	58,451	56,332	56,541
Transportation equipment manufacturing	61,214	63,473	63,830	58,154	57,949
Utilities	124,886	111,957	116,700	119,614	122,068
Wood products	51,448	64,002	57,369	44,787	44,399

Industry clusters with LQ > 1	55,939	61,225	66,369	63,073	67,299
Industry clusters with LQ < 1	56,207	53,399	51,437	58,991	53,934

Average earnings (total)	49,481	51,145	52,279	54,139	54,572
NOTE: Earnings are in 2017 dollars. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Beaumont–Port Arthur demographics
Total population (2017)	412,437
Age distribution (percent)
Median (years)	36.7
Under 15 years	20.2
15–24 years	13.5
25–54 years	39.2
55–64 years	12.6
Over 64 years	14.4
Race/ethnicity (percent)
White, Not Hispanic or Latino	56.9
Hispanic or Latino	14.8
Black/African American	24.3
American Indian/Alaska native	0.3
Asian	2.8
Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	0.0
Other race	1.1
Two or more races	1.0
Median household income (2017)	$49,875
Poverty status (percent)
Population below poverty	17.2
Receiving food stamps/SNAP benefits	12.9
Receiving cash public assistance	1.5
Education (percent)
High school graduate or higher	84.9
Bachelor’s degree or higher	17.2
Less than 9th grade	6.1
9th–12th grade, no diploma	9.0
High school graduate or equivalent	35.9
Some college, no degree	22.7
Associate’s degree	9.1
Bachelor’s degree	12.1
Graduate or professional degree	5.1
Average household size	2.6
Foreign-born status (percent)
Foreign born	8.1
From Latin America	68.6
From Mexico	.
From Europe	3.6
From Asia	25.8
From Africa	1.4
From Oceania	0.2
From North America	0.5
Workforce characteristics (percent)
Population (16 years and over) in labor force	56.9
Population (16 years and over) unemployed	2.6
Self-employed	4.5
Health insurance (percent)
Population with no health insurance	17.3
NOTE: Population and median household income figures are for 2017; other data refer to 2016. SOURCE: American Community Survey.

Dallas location quotients
Industry cluster	2010	2017
Advanced materials	0.9	0.8
Agribusiness	0.4	0.4
Biomedical	0.6	0.6
Business and financial services	1.6	1.6
Chemicals	0.9	0.9
Computer manufacturing	2.3	2.2
Construction	1.1	1.1
Defense and security	1.4	1.4
Education	1.0	0.9
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.6	0.6
Energy and mining	1.1	1.0
Fabricated metal manufacturing	0.8	0.7
Food services	1.0	1.0
Glass and ceramics	1.1	1.1
Government	0.6	0.6
Health services	0.8	0.9
Information technology and telecommunications	1.9	1.7
Machinery manufacturing	0.5	0.5
Primary metals manufacturing	0.9	0.9
Publishing and information	1.2	1.0
Recreation	0.8	0.8
Retail	0.9	0.9
Textiles	0.9	0.8
Transportation equipment manufacturing	0.9	0.7
Transportation and logistics	1.1	1.3
Utilities	0.7	0.7
Wood products	1.0	1.0
SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Dallas employment shares
Industry cluster	2010	2017
Advanced materials	3.5	2.7
Agribusiness	0.9	0.9
Biomedical	0.7	0.6
Business and financial services	13.5	14.3
Chemicals	1.4	1.3
Computer manufacturing	1.9	1.6
Construction	4.7	5.2
Defense and security	4.5	4.9
Education	9.1	8.2
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.2	0.1
Energy and mining	6.1	5.7
Fabricated metal manufacturing	0.8	0.7
Food services	7.5	8.2
Glass and ceramics	0.4	0.4
Government	4.9	4.0
Health services	10.0	10.3
Information technology and telecommunications	8.3	7.8
Machinery manufacturing	0.4	0.3
Primary metals manufacturing	0.2	0.2
Publishing and information	2.1	1.9
Recreation	2.8	2.9
Retail	10.3	10.3
Textiles	0.6	0.5
Transportation equipment manufacturing	0.9	0.8
Transportation and logistics	3.1	4.1
Utilities	0.3	0.3
Wood products	2.0	1.5
NOTE: The percentage shares of individual clusters do not add to 100 because some industries are counted in multiple clusters, and some industries are not counted at all based on cluster definitions. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Dallas average annual earnings
Industry cluster	2010	2012	2014	2016	2017
Advanced materials	87,377	93,592	94,570	98,991	103,582
Agribusiness	53,269	54,194	54,465	52,936	53,935
Biomedical	80,017	82,898	78,482	82,655	85,796
Business and financial services	92,226	93,405	97,068	100,179	100,602
Chemicals	65,567	70,896	72,475	73,895	72,877
Computer manufacturing	111,193	120,283	129,462	137,677	149,548
Construction	57,297	58,438	60,270	64,724	66,296
Defense and security	83,346	82,943	86,025	90,224	91,077
Education	46,839	46,018	47,069	49,005	49,232
Electrical equipment manufacturing	73,659	64,522	72,694	72,246	70,062
Energy and mining	92,336	96,839	99,235	98,246	98,692
Fabricated metal manufacturing	55,607	51,577	54,088	53,997	54,240
Food services	20,135	19,708	19,202	20,165	20,433
Glass and ceramics	56,201	57,573	63,951	66,544	68,153
Government	62,175	61,390	61,852	64,240	64,744
Health services	59,680	58,041	57,693	59,141	59,672
Information technology and telecommunications	102,959	105,195	109,767	114,238	114,619
Machinery manufacturing	61,843	61,749	70,865	64,597	65,103
Primary metal manufacturing	55,634	56,932	58,401	57,475	59,971
Publishing and information	79,800	83,359	85,528	87,018	83,874
Recreation	45,107	44,332	44,673	45,201	44,336
Retail	33,471	33,843	33,432	34,348	34,043
Textiles	52,381	51,382	51,833	50,427	50,716
Transportation and logistics	53,813	53,451	53,615	52,764	51,432
Transportation equipment manufacturing	91,415	84,655	86,377	92,895	94,037
Utilities	108,490	116,934	111,975	120,703	117,101
Wood products	52,104	53,451	54,418	56,976	58,310

Industry clusters with LQ > 1	76,616	78,328	77,901	80,914	81,207
Industry clusters with LQ < 1	54,099	53,724	58,910	59,787	60,245

Average earnings (total)	59,859	60,559	61,132	63,032	63,315
NOTE: Earnings are in 2017 dollars. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Dallas demographics
Total population (2017)	4,911,124
Age distribution (percent)
Median (years)	34.6
Under 15 years	22.1
15–24 years	13.7
25–54 years	42.9
55–64 years	10.9
Over 64 years	10.3
Race/ethnicity (percent)
White, Not Hispanic or Latino	44.1
Hispanic or Latino	29.7
Black/African American	16.4
American Indian/Alaska native	0.3
Asian	7.5
Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	0.1
Other race	4.8
Two or more races	3.1
Median household income (2017)	$68,734
Poverty status (percent)
Population below poverty	12.5
Receiving food stamps/SNAP benefits	9.2
Receiving cash public assistance	1.2
Education (percent)
High school graduate or higher	84.4
Bachelor’s degree or higher	36.5
Less than 9th grade	8.2
9th–12th grade, no diploma	7.3
High school graduate or equivalent	20.5
Some college, no degree	20.8
Associate’s degree	6.6
Bachelor’s degree	23.8
Graduate or professional degree	12.7
Average household size	2.8
Foreign-born status (percent)
Foreign born	20.2
From Latin America	59.5
From Mexico	47.1
From Europe	3.9
From Asia	28.5
From Africa	6.9
From Oceania	0.1
From North America	1.0
Workforce characteristics (percent)
Population (16 years and over) in labor force	69.6
Population (16 years and over) unemployed	3.1
Self-employed	6.2
Health insurance (percent)
Population with no health insurance	15.5
NOTE: Population and median household income figures are for 2017; other data refer to 2016. SOURCE: American Community Survey.

El Paso location quotients
Industry cluster	2010	2017
Advanced materials	0.4	0.4
Agribusiness	0.5	0.5
Biomedical	0.2	0.2
Business and financial services	0.5	0.5
Chemicals	0.7	0.7
Computer manufacturing	0.4	0.2
Construction	1.3	1.0
Defense and security	0.6	0.5
Education	1.5	1.5
Electrical equipment manufacturing	1.4	0.8
Energy and mining	0.7	0.7
Fabricated metal manufacturing	0.8	0.7
Food services	1.2	1.3
Glass and ceramics	0.8	0.5
Government	1.2	1.2
Health services	1.0	1.1
Information technology and telecommunications	0.6	0.5
Machinery manufacturing	0.3	0.4
Primary metal manufacturing	1.3	1.7
Publishing and information	0.4	0.3
Recreation	0.5	0.5
Retail	1.1	1.2
Textiles	1.0	1.1
Transportation equipment manufacturing	0.3	0.4
Transportation and logistics	1.3	1.4
Utilities	0.9	1.3
Wood products	0.7	0.6
SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

El Paso employment shares
Industry cluster	2010	2017
Advanced materials	1.3	1.2
Agribusiness	1.3	1.2
Biomedical	0.3	0.3
Business and financial services	4.6	4.6
Chemicals	1.0	1.0
Computer manufacturing	0.3	0.2
Construction	5.6	5.0
Defense and security	1.9	1.8
Education	14.2	12.7
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.4	0.2
Energy and mining	3.9	3.8
Fabricated metal manufacturing	0.7	0.7
Food services	9.0	10.1
Glass and ceramics	0.3	0.2
Government	9.3	8.3
Health services	11.7	13.5
Information technology and telecommunications	2.8	2.4
Machinery manufacturing	0.2	0.3
Primary metal manufacturing	0.4	0.4
Publishing and information	0.8	0.5
Recreation	1.8	1.8
Retail	12.5	13.1
Textiles	0.7	0.7
Transportation equipment manufacturing	0.4	0.4
Transportation and logistics	3.7	4.2
Utilities	0.4	0.5
Wood products	1.1	1.0
NOTE: The percentage shares of individual clusters do not add to 100 because some industries are counted in multiple clusters, and some industries are not counted at all based on cluster definitions. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

El Paso average annual earnings
Industry cluster	2010	2012	2014	2016	2017
Advanced materials	46,405	44,812	48,331	47,597	47,641
Agribusiness	33,507	33,274	35,130	36,487	36,317
Biomedical	51,300	64,352	71,910	85,617	83,498
Business and financial services	49,629	48,119	46,875	51,290	50,202
Chemicals	38,068	36,904	40,838	41,606	42,367
Computer manufacturing	47,140	40,639	47,672	49,448	56,310
Construction	38,461	37,715	39,481	41,477	41,555
Defense and security	44,126	41,780	42,653	45,649	43,461
Education	42,122	40,480	41,153	41,447	41,568
Electrical equipment manufacturing	64,699	64,618	131,303	86,780	103,165
Energy and mining	41,712	42,364	45,515	47,415	48,436
Fabricated metal manufacturing	63,480	61,773	62,269	64,178	62,416
Food services	15,088	14,861	14,500	15,207	15,106
Glass and ceramics	27,638	28,139	40,256	42,296	46,914
Government	57,457	57,264	57,786	59,094	58,626
Health services	43,860	42,782	42,109	44,012	43,957
Information technology and telecommunications	52,428	51,694	50,191	53,718	51,151
Machinery manufacturing	41,840	44,936	46,122	46,870	42,760
Primary metal manufacturing	56,644	57,371	60,038	55,076	56,285
Publishing and information	40,114	38,008	36,979	44,612	46,117
Recreation	23,778	20,287	20,866	21,760	22,548
Retail	25,595	25,328	25,435	26,139	26,435
Textiles	38,244	36,459	37,605	33,623	33,681
Transportation and logistics	44,005	43,011	42,661	42,946	43,490
Transportation equipment manufacturing	59,811	58,072	60,126	46,891	48,674
Utilities	83,506	89,976	74,994	84,146	86,716
Wood products	32,927	34,408	34,288	34,436	33,905

Industry clusters with LQ > 1	36,613	36,885	36,743	37,688	37,769
Industry clusters with LQ < 1	44,158	43,875	44,924	46,684	46,278

Average earnings (total)	37,550	37,176	37,111	37,833	37,924
NOTE: Earnings are in 2017 dollars. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

El Paso demographics
Total population (2017)	844,818
Age distribution (percent)
Median (years)	32.1
Under 15 years	23.0
15–24 years	16.1
25–54 years	38.7
55–64 years	10.2
Over 64 years	11.9
Race/ethnicity (percent)
White, Not Hispanic or Latino	12.3
Hispanic or Latino	82.2
Black/African American	3.6
American Indian/Alaska native	0.6
Asian	1.3
Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	0.0
Other race	11.6
Two or more races	2.5
Median household income (2017)	$44,416
Poverty status (percent)
Population below poverty	22.8
Receiving food stamps/SNAP benefits	21.6
Receiving cash public assistance	1.6
Education (percent)
High school graduate or higher	76.9
Bachelor’s degree or higher	21.9
Less than 9th grade	13.7
9th–12th grade, no diploma	9.4
High school graduate or equivalent	23.3
Some college, no degree	23.3
Associate’s degree	8.3
Bachelor’s degree	14.6
Graduate or professional degree	7.3
Average household size	3.1
Foreign-born status (percent)
Foreign born	25.1
From Latin America	93.0
From Mexico	90.8
From Europe	2.3
From Asia	3.6
From Africa	1.0
From Oceania	0.0
From North America	0.0
Workforce characteristics (percent)
Population (16 years and over) in labor force	61.3
Population (16 years and over) unemployed	3.4
Self-employed	6.4
Health insurance (percent)
Population with no health insurance	19.5
NOTE: Population and median household income figures are for 2017; other data refer to 2016. SOURCE: American Community Survey.

Fort Worth location quotients
Industry cluster	2010	2017
Advanced materials	0.7	0.6
Agribusiness	0.5	0.4
Biomedical	0.7	0.6
Business and financial services	0.9	0.8
Chemicals	1.1	1.0
Computer manufacturing	0.4	0.3
Construction	1.2	1.2
Defense and security	1.3	1.1
Education	1.0	1.0
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.9	0.8
Energy and mining	1.2	1.2
Fabricated metal manufacturing	1.1	1.2
Food services	1.1	1.1
Glass and ceramics	1.2	1.2
Government	0.7	0.7
Health services	0.8	0.9
Information technology and telecommunications	0.8	0.7
Machinery manufacturing	1.1	1.2
Primary metal manufacturing	0.3	0.2
Publishing and information	0.8	0.6
Recreation	0.9	0.8
Retail	1.0	1.1
Textiles	0.7	0.5
Transportation equipment manufacturing	3.4	2.7
Transportation and logistics	2.3	1.5
Utilities	0.8	0.8
Wood products	1.0	1.1
SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Fort Worth employment shares
Industry cluster	2010	2017
Advanced materials	2.5	1.9
Agribusiness	1.1	1
Biomedical	0.8	0.7
Business and financial services	7.4	7
Chemicals	1.7	1.6
Computer manufacturing	0.4	0.2
Construction	5	5.9
Defense and security	4.5	3.8
Education	10	8.8
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.3	0.2
Energy and mining	6.6	7
Fabricated metal manufacturing	1.1	1.1
Food services	8.2	9.2
Glass and ceramics	0.4	0.4
Government	5.5	4.7
Health services	10.2	11.3
Information technology and telecommunications	3.4	3
Machinery manufacturing	0.9	0.9
Primary metal manufacturing	0.1	0.1
Publishing and information	1.4	1.1
Recreation	3.3	3
Retail	11.8	11.8
Textiles	0.5	0.4
Transportation equipment manufacturing	3.5	3.1
Transportation and logistics	6.5	4.8
Utilities	0.4	0.3
Wood products	1.5	1.6
NOTE: The percentage shares of individual clusters do not add to 100 because some industries are counted in multiple clusters, and some industries are not counted at all based on cluster definitions. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Fort Worth average annual earnings
Industry cluster	2010	2012	2014	2016	2017
Advanced materials	86,894	85,846	81,720	74,896	69,785
Agribusiness	51,295	50,149	50,701	53,249	52,901
Biomedical	152,118	135,567	125,687	102,308	94,360
Business and financial services	75,290	75,319	78,088	80,569	81,270
Chemicals	98,629	93,074	87,437	75,376	72,983
Computer manufacturing	86,658	84,734	80,857	89,791	87,790
Construction	50,460	51,753	54,579	57,863	60,418
Defense and security	87,777	87,885	88,876	91,022	89,034
Education	43,232	42,308	43,278	44,695	44,066
Electrical equipment manufacturing	67,531	65,446	68,172	68,588	71,322
Energy and mining	83,368	75,853	78,625	71,766	72,643
Fabricated metal manufacturing	52,526	53,323	55,472	54,188	55,033
Food services	17,533	17,437	17,565	18,164	18,254
Glass and ceramics	51,932	55,022	59,728	59,747	62,752
Government	63,121	62,494	62,517	65,038	65,727
Health services	54,632	55,122	55,015	55,963	56,313
Information technology and telecommunications	74,316	72,584	74,421	75,686	75,995
Machinery manufacturing	66,040	69,553	67,927	66,944	68,726
Primary metal manufacturing	55,060	53,275	53,900	53,790	52,006
Publishing and information	57,421	56,474	58,518	61,478	59,648
Recreation	31,046	34,399	31,682	34,514	33,781
Retail	32,001	31,397	31,680	32,110	31,700
Textiles	48,392	45,213	46,881	46,438	51,815
Transportation and logistics	58,733	58,450	49,894	45,509	46,467
Transportation equipment manufacturing	94,220	96,044	92,359	99,533	95,231
Utilities	103,846	109,117	117,927	124,416	118,322
Wood products	47,531	48,261	49,498	52,251	53,924

Industry clusters with LQ > 1	52,605	53,336	52,751	50,106	50,044
Industry clusters with LQ < 1	64,161	59,931	60,142	64,908	64,544

Average earnings (total)	51,298	50,841	51,875	52,276	52,714
NOTE: Earnings are in 2017 dollars. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Fort Worth demographics
Total population (2017)	2,488,538
Age distribution (percent)
Median (years)	35.1
Under 15 years	22.0
15–24 years	13.5
25–54 years	41.1
55–64 years	11.7
Over 64 years	11.6
Race/ethnicity (percent)
White, Not Hispanic or Latino	53.1
Hispanic or Latino	26.4
Black/African American	13.5
American Indian/Alaska native	0.5
Asian	4.6
Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	0.1
Other race	6.0
Two or more races	3.0
Median household income (2017)	$65,439
Poverty status (percent)
Population below poverty	13.2
Receiving food stamps/SNAP benefits	11.1
Receiving cash public assistance	1.2
Education (percent)
High school graduate or higher	85.6
Bachelor’s degree or higher	28.8
Less than 9th grade	6.6
9th–12th grade, no diploma	7.8
High school graduate or equivalent	26.5
Some college, no degree	23.0
Associate’s degree	7.3
Bachelor’s degree	19.4
Graduate or professional degree	9.5
Average household size	2.9
Foreign-born status (percent)
Foreign born	14.4
From Latin America	59.3
From Mexico	49.9
From Europe	5.2
From Asia	24.0
From Africa	10.1
From Oceania	0.3
From North America	1.1
Workforce characteristics (percent)
Population (16 years and over) in labor force	66.4
Population (16 years and over) unemployed	3.0
Self-employed	6.5
Health insurance (percent)
Population with no health insurance	15.6
NOTE: Population and median household income figures are for 2017; other data refer to 2016. SOURCE: American Community Survey.

Houston location quotients
Industry cluster	2010	2017
Advanced materials	1.0	1.0
Agribusiness	0.3	0.3
Biomedical	0.6	0.6
Business and financial services	1.1	1.0
Chemicals	1.5	1.6
Computer manufacturing	0.9	0.7
Construction	1.6	1.5
Defense and security	0.8	0.7
Education	1.1	1.1
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.8	0.7
Energy and mining	2.3	2.1
Fabricated metal manufacturing	1.9	1.7
Food services	1.0	1.1
Glass and ceramics	1.2	1.2
Government	0.6	0.6
Health services	0.9	0.9
Information technology and telecommunications	0.8	0.8
Machinery manufacturing	2.2	1.9
Primary metal manufacturing	0.5	0.5
Publishing and information	0.5	0.5
Recreation	0.6	0.7
Retail	0.9	1.0
Textiles	0.5	0.4
Transportation equipment manufacturing	0.3	0.2
Transportation and logistics	1.5	1.3
Utilities	1.5	1.5
Wood products	0.6	0.6
SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Houston employment shares
Industry cluster	2010	2017
Advanced materials	3.8	3.3
Agribusiness	0.7	0.7
Biomedical	0.7	0.7
Business and financial services	9.0	9.4
Chemicals	2.4	2.4
Computer manufacturing	0.7	0.5
Construction	6.9	7.1
Defense and security	2.7	2.6
Education	10.5	9.8
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.2	0.2
Energy and mining	13.3	12.2
Fabricated metal manufacturing	1.8	1.7
Food services	7.5	8.8
Glass and ceramics	0.4	0.4
Government	4.6	3.9
Health services	10.3	10.7
Information technology and telecommunications	3.8	3.6
Machinery manufacturing	1.7	1.4
Primary metal manufacturing	0.1	0.1
Publishing and information	1.0	0.9
Recreation	2.3	2.5
Retail	10.5	10.5
Textiles	0.4	0.3
Transportation equipment manufacturing	0.3	0.2
Transportation and logistics	4.1	4.0
Utilities	0.6	0.6
Wood products	0.9	0.9
NOTE: The percentage shares of individual clusters do not add to 100 because some industries are counted in multiple clusters, and some industries are not counted at all based on cluster definitions. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Houston average annual earnings
Industry cluster	2010	2012	2014	2016	2017
Advanced materials	85,835	88,217	89,508	94,195	97,136
Agribusiness	55,227	53,810	52,583	51,807	52,512
Biomedical	91,054	89,914	92,950	101,297	110,040
Business and financial services	101,936	103,693	105,695	104,660	104,444
Chemicals	100,730	103,317	106,506	111,148	113,496
Computer manufacturing	103,839	99,124	94,034	98,251	96,514
Construction	65,995	69,062	72,861	73,834	72,883
Defense and security	76,586	75,569	78,089	78,946	79,286
Education	46,750	45,968	47,670	49,880	49,985
Electrical equipment manufacturing	64,638	69,073	70,976	73,799	77,316
Energy and mining	119,894	125,444	124,557	123,673	120,706
Fabricated metal manufacturing	63,695	67,507	67,773	65,234	66,269
Food services	18,860	18,683	18,990	19,530	19,514
Glass and ceramics	53,149	56,688	57,244	56,232	57,804
Government	60,868	60,460	60,756	63,265	63,891
Health services	56,531	56,643	57,272	59,258	58,782
Information technology and telecommunications	90,577	94,306	93,030	96,833	95,701
Machinery manufacturing	97,114	101,846	102,492	103,066	103,421
Primary metal manufacturing	62,849	58,311	59,608	58,856	60,081
Publishing and information	66,378	67,377	70,356	74,538	74,089
Recreation	38,262	38,052	37,098	38,468	38,902
Retail	31,112	31,319	32,150	32,372	32,380
Textiles	50,870	50,616	53,942	55,889	52,233
Transportation and logistics	76,050	84,102	77,871	79,562	80,508
Transportation equipment manufacturing	74,892	73,720	79,269	79,731	81,800
Utilities	119,242	124,631	126,614	124,790	134,235
Wood products	53,101	53,969	58,609	58,365	58,435

Industry clusters with LQ > 1	78,245	81,979	82,404	81,110	80,337
Industry clusters with LQ < 1	55,631	55,889	56,250	57,454	57,303

Average earnings (total)	63,031	65,474	66,707	65,399	64,953
NOTE: Earnings are in 2017 dollars. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Houston demographics
Total population (2017)	6,892,427
Age distribution (percent)
Median (years)	34.2
Under 15 years	22.5
15–24 years	13.7
25–54 years	42.1
55–64 years	11.3
Over 64 years	10.5
Race/ethnicity (percent)
White, Not Hispanic or Latino	36.9
Hispanic or Latino	36.8
Black/African American	17.3
American Indian/Alaska native	0.4
Asian	7.6
Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	0.1
Other race	6.9
Two or more races	2.2
Median household income (2017)	$63,802
Poverty status (percent)
Population below poverty	14.8
Receiving food stamps/SNAP benefits	11.8
Receiving cash public assistance	1.5
Education (percent)
High school graduate or higher	83.3
Bachelor’s degree or higher	32.0
Less than 9th grade	8.9
9th–12th grade, no diploma	7.8
High school graduate or equivalent	23.7
Some college, no degree	20.6
Associate’s degree	7.1
Bachelor’s degree	20.4
Graduate or professional degree	11.6
Average household size	2.9
Foreign-born status (percent)
Foreign born	23.5
From Latin America	63.4
From Mexico	40.2
From Europe	4.2
From Asia	25.2
From Africa	5.8
From Oceania	0.4
From North America	0.9
Workforce characteristics (percent)
Population (16 years and over) in labor force	66.6
Population (16 years and over) unemployed	4.2
Self-employed	7.0
Health insurance (percent)
Population with no health insurance	17.2
NOTE: Population and median household income figures are for 2017; other data refer to 2016. SOURCE: American Community Survey.

Lubbock location quotients
Industry cluster	2010	2017
Advanced materials	0.1	0.1
Agribusiness	1.2	1.1
Biomedical	0.2	0.2
Business and financial services	0.5	0.6
Chemicals	0.5	0.5
Construction	1.0	1.0
Defense and security	0.3	0.3
Education	1.4	1.5
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.0	0.3
Energy and mining	0.7	0.8
Fabricated metal manufacturing	0.5	0.5
Food services	1.5	1.4
Glass and ceramics	0.4	0.5
Government	0.7	0.8
Health services	1.4	1.4
Information technology and telecommunications	0.7	0.5
Machinery manufacturing	0.9	0.8
Primary metal manufacturing	0.1	0.0
Publishing and information	0.7	0.6
Recreation	0.8	0.8
Retail	1.1	1.2
Textiles	0.4	0.4
Transportation equipment manufacturing	0.1	0.0
Transportation and logistics	0.6	0.8
Utilities	1.0	1.2
Wood products	0.5	0.6
SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Lubbock employment shares
Industry cluster	2010	2017
Advanced materials	0.4	0.3
Agribusiness	3.0	2.6
Biomedical	0.2	0.2
Business and financial services	4.4	5.1
Chemicals	0.7	0.7
Construction	4.3	5.0
Defense and security	0.9	1.2
Education	13.1	13.1
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.0	0.1
Energy and mining	4.2	4.6
Fabricated metal manufacturing	0.5	0.5
Food services	10.8	10.9
Glass and ceramics	0.1	0.2
Government	5.9	5.5
Health services	17.1	16.7
Information technology and telecommunications	3.2	2.2
Machinery manufacturing	0.7	0.6
Primary metal manufacturing	0.0	0.0
Publishing and information	1.2	1.1
Recreation	2.7	3.0
Retail	12.7	12.8
Textiles	0.3	0.3
Transportation equipment manufacturing	0.1	0.0
Transportation and logistics	1.8	2.4
Utilities	0.4	0.4
Wood products	0.8	0.9
NOTE: The percentage shares of individual clusters do not add to 100 because some industries are counted in multiple clusters, and some industries are not counted at all based on cluster definitions. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Lubbock average annual earnings
Industry cluster	2010	2012	2014	2016	2017
Advanced materials	60,887	42,528	43,969	45,542	46,757
Agribusiness	44,626	43,382	44,243	43,997	46,548
Biomedical	62,296	67,097	62,501	64,371	66,048
Business and financial services	53,413	56,749	57,019	56,409	55,596
Chemicals	49,889	50,533	54,160	59,377	61,421
Construction	40,502	44,337	44,448	47,552	48,250
Defense and security	44,659	49,852	49,669	50,863	51,382
Education	50,322	49,112	49,869	51,365	50,976
Electrical equipment manufacturing					54,482
Energy and mining	47,617	49,927	49,713	49,736	50,226
Fabricated metal manufacturing	45,829	47,516	46,350	44,193	48,608
Food services	15,864	16,267	16,587	16,681	16,700
Glass and ceramics	39,576	42,706	43,205	45,827	43,899
Government	50,840	48,788	50,940	51,366	51,731
Health services	47,913	45,366	48,227	50,237	50,845
Information technology and telecommunications	47,797	47,413	49,710	50,167	52,070
Machinery manufacturing	47,332	48,564	50,776	49,675	51,095
Primary metal manufacturing	29,638	31,213	30,666	30,835	28,090
Publishing and information	51,916	52,690	56,218	64,544	63,643
Recreation	23,824	25,229	25,326	24,723	21,727
Retail	27,698	28,239	29,374	29,432	29,570
Textiles	32,004	33,930	35,522	34,223	33,718
Transportation and logistics	43,665	41,925	42,724	44,720	44,954
Transportation equipment manufacturing	46,526	39,119			26,069
Utilities	79,168	79,021	79,770	81,125	83,849
Wood products	36,974	38,343	39,848	41,736	41,888

Industry clusters with LQ > 1	38,168	37,081	38,786	39,245	40,212
Industry clusters with LQ < 1	46,591	46,566	47,898	48,237	48,620

Average earnings (total)	39,745	39,845	40,878	41,920	42,242
NOTE: Earnings are in 2017 dollars. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Lubbock demographics
Total population (2017)	316,983
Age distribution (percent)
Median (years)	30.8
Under 15 years	20.6
15–24 years	20.3
25–54 years	36.4
55–64 years	10.5
Over 64 years	12.2
Race/ethnicity (percent)
White, Not Hispanic or Latino	53.8
Hispanic or Latino	35.6
Black/African American	6.9
American Indian/Alaska native	1.3
Asian	1.9
Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	0.3
Other race	5.0
Two or more races	2.4
Median household income (2017)	$47,276
Poverty status (percent)
Population below poverty	19.6
Receiving food stamps/SNAP benefits	14.6
Receiving cash public assistance	1.4
Education (percent)
High school graduate or higher	85.3
Bachelor’s degree or higher	30.2
Less than 9th grade	6.3
9th–12th grade, no diploma	8.4
High school graduate or equivalent	25.2
Some college, no degree	24.4
Associate’s degree	5.5
Bachelor’s degree	19.1
Graduate or professional degree	11.1
Average household size	2.6
Foreign-born status (percent)
Foreign born	5.7
From Latin America	55.2
From Mexico	.
From Europe	3.8
From Asia	30.4
From Africa	8.8
From Oceania	0.5
From North America	1.3
Workforce characteristics (percent)
Population (16 years and over) in labor force	63.3
Population (16 years and over) unemployed	2.5
Self-employed	5.5
Health insurance (percent)
Population with no health insurance	12.8
NOTE: Population and median household income figures are for 2017; other data refer to 2016. SOURCE: American Community Survey.

McAllen location quotients
Industry cluster	2010	2017
Advanced materials	0.0	0.1
Agribusiness	1.2	0.8
Biomedical	0.2	0.1
Business and financial services	0.4	0.4
Chemicals	0.3	0.3
Computer manufacturing	0.0	0.1
Construction	0.7	0.6
Defense and security	0.3	0.2
Education	1.9	1.9
Energy and mining	0.6	0.6
Fabricated metal manufacturing	0.3	0.4
Food services	1.0	1.0
Glass and ceramics	1.0	0.7
Government	1.0	1.1
Health services	1.7	1.7
Information technology and telecommunications	0.2	0.2
Machinery manufacturing	0.0	0.2
Primary metal manufacturing	0.3	0.4
Publishing and information	0.2	0.2
Recreation	0.5	0.5
Retail	1.3	1.3
Textiles	0.1	0.3
Transportation and logistics	0.9	0.8
Utilities	0.8	0.8
Wood products	0.4	0.5
NOTE: Data for a few manufacturing sectors excluded due to insufficient information. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

McAllen employment shares
Industry cluster	2010	2017
Advanced materials	0.2	0.3
Agribusiness	3.0	1.9
Biomedical	0.2	0.1
Business and financial services	3.2	3.2
Chemicals	0.4	0.4
Computer manufacturing	0.0	0.0
Construction	3.1	2.7
Defense and security	0.9	0.9
Education	17.7	16.5
Energy and mining	3.6	3.3
Fabricated metal manufacturing	0.3	0.4
Food services	7.4	8.4
Glass and ceramics	0.3	0.2
Government	7.7	7.7
Health services	20.5	20.0
Information technology and telecommunications	0.9	1.0
Machinery manufacturing	0.0	0.1
Primary metal manufacturing	0.1	0.1
Publishing and information	0.4	0.3
Recreation	1.8	1.7
Retail	14.6	14.3
Textiles	0.1	0.2
Transportation and logistics	2.6	2.6
Utilities	0.3	0.3
Wood products	0.6	0.7
NOTES: The percentage shares of individual clusters do not add to 100 because some industries are counted in multiple clusters, and some industries are not counted at all based on cluster definitions. Data for a few manufacturing sectors excluded due to insufficient information. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

McAllen average annual earnings
Industry cluster	2010	2012	2014	2016	2017
Advanced materials	35,872	37,770	39,684	57,892	55,472
Agribusiness	26,629	28,059	30,767	32,951	33,507
Biomedical	41,627	46,185	51,518	72,268	65,015
Business and financial services	39,392	39,231	40,326	41,406	42,102
Chemicals	36,185	35,732	38,614	40,995	42,597
Computer manufacturing	81,020	87,879	84,556	87,254	100,538
Construction	31,530	33,776	35,262	35,459	36,786
Defense and security	29,499	29,928	30,243	33,799	33,606
Education	41,795	40,003	40,923	42,667	43,015
Energy and mining	43,508	48,248	49,816	43,548	46,723
Fabricated metal manufacturing	30,994	31,469	36,250	34,442	31,738
Food services	15,287	15,050	14,928	15,245	15,102
Glass and ceramics	32,702	28,148	32,710	34,246	34,959
Government	47,784	48,307	48,460	50,122	49,455
Health services	34,913	31,243	32,210	32,974	31,814
Information technology and telecommunications	41,632	44,184	43,269	44,042	42,805
Machinery manufacturing	46,970	40,255	45,496	48,271	40,717
Primary metal manufacturing	48,888	40,246	46,708	48,810	45,669
Publishing and information	36,447	36,605	33,562	30,636	31,839
Recreation	21,321	20,912	21,272	22,556	22,527
Retail	25,189	25,898	26,424	26,763	27,037
Textiles	27,285	23,995	25,503	30,602	30,464
Transportation and logistics	36,690	40,009	41,761	42,114	43,428
Utilities	60,575	52,439	55,801	60,460	63,896
Wood products	39,445	45,961	40,305	40,361	41,564

Industry clusters with LQ > 1	31,903	30,227	35,223	33,753	33,501
Industry clusters with LQ < 1	39,776	41,287	32,845	38,875	39,803

Average earnings (total)	33,445	32,704	33,128	33,698	33,628
NOTES: Earnings are in 2017 dollars. Data for a few manufacturing sectors excluded due to insufficient information. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

McAllen demographics
Total population (2017)	860,661
Age distribution (percent)
Median (years)	29.2
Under 15 years	27.8
15–24 years	16.5
25–54 years	36.6
55–64 years	8.1
Over 64 years	11.1
Race/ethnicity (percent)
White, Not Hispanic or Latino	6.6
Hispanic or Latino	91.8
Black/African American	0.3
American Indian/Alaska native	0.2
Asian	1.1
Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	0.0
Other race	12.5
Two or more races	1.5
Median household income (2017)	$37,106
Poverty status (percent)
Population below poverty	31.4
Receiving food stamps/SNAP benefits	29.8
Receiving cash public assistance	1.7
Education (percent)
High school graduate or higher	65.5
Bachelor’s degree or higher	18.3
Less than 9th grade	21.4
9th–12th grade, no diploma	13.1
High school graduate or equivalent	23.3
Some college, no degree	19.6
Associate’s degree	4.4
Bachelor’s degree	12.8
Graduate or professional degree	5.5
Average household size	3.6
Foreign-born status (percent)
Foreign born	26.7
From Latin America	96.2
From Mexico	93.1
From Europe	0.4
From Asia	3.1
From Africa	0.0
From Oceania	0.0
From North America	0.3
Workforce characteristics (percent)
Population (16 years and over) in labor force	56.9
Population (16 years and over) unemployed	4.0
Self-employed	10.3
Health insurance (percent)
Population with no health insurance	28.3
NOTE: Population and median household income figures are for 2017; other data refer to 2016. SOURCE: American Community Survey.

Midland-Odessa location quotients
Industry cluster	2010	2017
Advanced materials	0.6	0.4
Agribusiness	0.2	0.2
Biomedical	0.1	0.0
Business and financial services	0.6	0.5
Chemicals	1.0	1.5
Computer manufacturing	0.1	0.1
Construction	1.6	1.5
Defense and security	0.3	0.2
Education	0.9	0.8
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.1	0.0
Energy and mining	4.2	5.3
Fabricated metal manufacturing	1.6	1.5
Food services	1.1	1.1
Glass and ceramics	0.7	1.1
Government	0.8	0.6
Health services	0.7	0.7
Information technology and telecommunications	0.4	0.3
Machinery manufacturing	2.6	2.0
Publishing and information	0.3	0.2
Recreation	0.6	0.7
Retail	1.0	1.0
Textiles	0.1	0.1
Transportation equipment manufacturing	0.2	0.1
Transportation and logistics	0.9	1.1
Utilities	1.6	1.0
Wood products	0.2	0.1
SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Midland-Odessa employment shares
Industry cluster	2010	2017
Advanced materials	2.1	1.3
Agribusiness	0.5	0.5
Biomedical	0.1	0.1
Business and financial services	5.3	4.5
Chemicals	1.6	2.3
Computer manufacturing	0.1	0.0
Construction	6.9	7.0
Defense and security	1.0	0.9
Education	8.5	7.2
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.0	0.0
Energy and mining	23.8	29.8
Fabricated metal manufacturing	1.6	1.5
Food services	8.3	8.7
Glass and ceramics	0.2	0.4
Government	6.4	4.5
Health services	8.6	8.6
Information technology and telecommunications	2.0	1.5
Machinery manufacturing	2.0	1.5
Publishing and information	0.5	0.3
Recreation	2.2	2.4
Retail	11.0	10.5
Textiles	0.1	0.1
Transportation equipment manufacturing	0.2	0.1
Transportation and logistics	2.5	3.4
Utilities	0.7	0.4
Wood products	0.3	0.2
NOTE: The percentage shares of individual clusters do not add to 100 because some industries are counted in multiple clusters, and some industries are not counted at all based on cluster definitions. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Midland-Odessa average annual earnings
Industry cluster	2010	2012	2014	2016	2017
Advanced materials	69,623	74,995	83,054	70,642	72,427
Agribusiness	32,221	32,407	31,996	33,968	33,031
Biomedical	63,502	50,951	45,725	61,630	88,728
Business and financial services	66,384	71,831	78,393	74,151	76,031
Chemicals	73,394	82,854	79,460	79,094	83,471
Computer manufacturing	58,392	55,626	61,181	57,718	61,797
Construction	55,772	64,178	68,203	65,926	68,388
Defense and security	61,559	64,974	69,289	65,676	72,899
Education	40,942	40,080	43,964	44,003	43,346
Electrical equipment manufacturing	59,841	51,257	51,644	71,569
Energy and mining	87,747	90,293	96,750	91,316	98,001
Fabricated metal manufacturing	64,216	69,453	78,192	68,784	73,787
Food services	17,289	18,471	19,554	19,279	19,642
Glass and ceramics	56,168	54,738	60,246	66,710	69,608
Government	50,727	52,440	57,102	56,673	57,255
Health services	46,220	48,562	49,179	51,812	50,889
Information technology and telecommunications	62,668	69,016	79,767	72,336	76,274
Machinery manufacturing	70,645	73,032	82,595	77,851	78,239
Publishing and information	38,728	42,721	42,842	39,688	39,428
Recreation	23,532	25,433	27,787	25,838	24,741
Retail	30,874	34,113	36,762	33,568	35,197
Textiles	29,677	31,966	36,174	34,995	30,902
Transportation and logistics	60,442	66,268	70,466	57,252	65,204
Transportation equipment manufacturing	57,427	69,523	80,894	73,256	79,878
Utilities	109,430	120,053	93,523	102,454	104,871
Wood products	43,069	41,932	44,659	52,914	55,738

Industry clusters with LQ > 1	67,991	73,436	78,616	65,139	77,844
Industry clusters with LQ < 1	46,200	48,484	52,406	54,252	49,458

Average earnings (total)	54,050	60,407	65,781	59,863	63,664
NOTE: Earnings are in 2017 dollars. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Midland–Odessa demographics
Total population (2017)	327,762
Age distribution (percent)
Median (years)	31.0
Under 15 years	25.2
15–24 years	14.1
25–54 years	40.1
55–64 years	10.6
Over 64 years	10.0
Race/ethnicity (percent)
White, Not Hispanic or Latino	40.0
Hispanic or Latino	52.0
Black/African American	5.9
American Indian/Alaska native	0.5
Asian	1.6
Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	0.0
Other race	4.5
Two or more races	2.3
Median household income (2017)	$64,210
Poverty status (percent)
Population below poverty	10.4
Receiving food stamps/SNAP benefits	11.2
Receiving cash public assistance	1.3
Education (percent)
High school graduate or higher	79.7
Bachelor’s degree or higher	21.0
Less than 9th grade	8.1
9th–12th grade, no diploma	12.2
High school graduate or equivalent	29.2
Some college, no degree	21.9
Associate’s degree	7.6
Bachelor’s degree	15.4
Graduate or professional degree	5.5
Average household size	3.0
Foreign-born status (percent)
Foreign born	12.3
From Latin America	85.3
From Mexico	.
From Europe	3.0
From Asia	9.1
From Africa	2.1
From Oceania	0.0
From North America	0.6
Workforce characteristics (percent)
Population (16 years and over) in labor force	70.2
Population (16 years and over) unemployed	5.9
Self-employed	6.8
Health insurance (percent)
Population with no health insurance	19.4
NOTE: Population and median household income figures are for 2017; other data refer to 2016. SOURCE: American Community Survey.

San Antonio location quotients
Industry cluster	2010	2017
Advanced materials	0.4	0.4
Agribusiness	0.6	0.5
Biomedical	1.0	0.7
Business and financial services	1.0	1.0
Chemicals	0.5	0.5
Computer manufacturing	0.3	0.3
Construction	1.2	1.1
Defense and security	0.8	0.7
Education	1.1	1.1
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.2	0.2
Energy and mining	0.9	1.0
Fabricated metal manufacturing	0.5	0.4
Food services	1.3	1.2
Glass and ceramics	0.7	1.0
Government	1.0	0.9
Health services	1.1	1.1
Information technology and telecommunications	0.8	0.8
Machinery manufacturing	0.3	0.5
Primary metal manufacturing	0.5	0.4
Publishing and information	0.7	0.6
Recreation	1.1	1.0
Retail	1.0	1.0
Textiles	0.5	0.4
Transportation equipment manufacturing	1.1	1.1
Transportation and logistics	0.7	0.9
Utilities	0.3	0.3
Wood products	0.6	0.6
SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

San Antonio employment shares
Industry cluster	2010	2017
Advanced materials	1.6	1.2
Agribusiness	1.5	1.2
Biomedical	1.2	0.9
Business and financial services	8.7	9.3
Chemicals	0.7	0.7
Computer manufacturing	0.2	0.2
Construction	5.3	5.1
Defense and security	2.6	2.6
Education	10.8	9.5
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.1	0.0
Energy and mining	5.0	5.4
Fabricated metal manufacturing	0.4	0.4
Food services	9.2	10.1
Glass and ceramics	0.2	0.3
Government	7.9	6.6
Health services	13.5	13.7
Information technology and telecommunications	3.6	3.8
Machinery manufacturing	0.2	0.4
Primary metal manufacturing	0.1	0.1
Publishing and information	1.3	1.0
Recreation	3.9	3.8
Retail	11.4	11.4
Textiles	0.4	0.2
Transportation equipment manufacturing	1.2	1.2
Transportation and logistics	2.0	2.7
Utilities	0.1	0.1
Wood products	1.0	0.9
NOTE: The percentage shares of individual clusters do not add to 100 because some industries are counted in multiple clusters, and some industries are not counted at all based on cluster definitions. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

San Antonio average annual earnings
Industry cluster	2010	2012	2014	2016	2017
Advanced materials	64,971	67,140	66,025	68,517	68,962
Agribusiness	43,221	43,637	45,340	47,952	48,543
Biomedical	72,527	68,602	72,791	76,512	74,534
Business and financial services	73,828	76,897	76,366	78,046	78,614
Chemicals	56,517	59,057	61,010	61,353	61,797
Computer manufacturing	68,684	78,266	71,988	73,299	74,638
Construction	49,188	50,803	52,645	56,073	56,524
Defense and security	64,083	63,333	63,139	64,020	64,523
Education	45,739	43,601	44,070	44,933	45,491
Electrical equipment manufacturing	52,571	54,668	58,582	68,821	62,760
Energy and mining	60,392	61,409	64,790	66,332	67,380
Fabricated metal manufacturing	46,512	48,730	49,326	50,608	49,431
Food services	17,780	17,627	17,770	18,496	18,606
Glass and ceramics	52,669	54,187	57,638	57,310	59,004
Government	59,228	59,372	60,535	62,125	62,435
Health services	49,084	48,431	48,407	51,534	51,479
Information technology and telecommunications	76,389	80,360	76,762	78,285	78,412
Machinery manufacturing	49,271	55,455	59,470	63,873	67,241
Primary metal manufacturing	64,694	65,371	69,823	71,230	68,193
Publishing and information	54,387	53,708	52,379	52,865	51,157
Recreation	33,154	32,242	33,189	33,625	34,189
Retail	30,289	30,880	31,129	31,982	31,803
Textiles	43,010	39,696	39,714	38,844	39,863
Transportation and logistics	51,715	52,607	52,837	51,446	47,922
Transportation equipment manufacturing	58,582	58,576	62,677	69,627	75,418
Utilities	69,139	73,404	75,562	74,649	74,272
Wood products	43,041	45,226	48,050	49,293	49,508

Industry clusters with LQ > 1	43,766	43,232	43,549	45,334	45,662
Industry clusters with LQ < 1	59,739	61,313	62,135	63,466	63,354

Average earnings (total)	45,740	45,856	46,417	47,905	48,185
NOTE: Earnings are in 2017 dollars. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

San Antonio demographics
Total population (2017)	2,473,974
Age distribution (percent)
Median (years)	34.6
Under 15 years	21.2
15–24 years	14.5
25–54 years	40.4
55–64 years	11.1
Over 64 years	12.7
Race/ethnicity (percent)
White, Not Hispanic or Latino	34.1
Hispanic or Latino	55.1
Black/African American	6.9
American Indian/Alaska native	0.6
Asian	2.5
Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	0.1
Other race	7.0
Two or more races	2.8
Median household income (2017)	$56,774
Poverty status (percent)
Population below poverty	15.0
Receiving food stamps/SNAP benefits	12.1
Receiving cash public assistance	1.5
Education (percent)
High school graduate or higher	83.8
Bachelor’s degree or higher	27.8
Less than 9th grade	7.2
9th–12th grade, no diploma	9.0
High school graduate or equivalent	26.4
Some college, no degree	21.8
Associate’s degree	7.8
Bachelor’s degree	17.9
Graduate or professional degree	9.9
Average household size	3.0
Foreign-born status (percent)
Foreign born	12.2
From Latin America	73.3
From Mexico	64.3
From Europe	5.2
From Asia	17.3
From Africa	3.0
From Oceania	0.2
From North America	0.9
Workforce characteristics (percent)
Population (16 years and over) in labor force	63.8
Population (16 years and over) unemployed	3.5
Self-employed	5.8
Health insurance (percent)
Population with no health insurance	14.0
NOTE: Population and median household income figures are for 2017; other data refer to 2016. SOURCE: American Community Survey.

Tyler-Longview location quotients
Industry cluster	2010	2017
Advanced materials	0.3	0.3
Agribusiness	0.4	0.8
Biomedical	0.1	0.1
Business and financial services	0.6	0.6
Chemicals	0.8	0.9
Computer manufacturing	0.5	0.3
Construction	1.5	1.5
Defense and security	0.2	0.2
Education	1.0	1.0
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.3	0.1
Energy and mining	1.6	1.4
Fabricated metal manufacturing	1.4	1.5
Food services	1.0	1.1
Glass and ceramics	0.4	0.5
Government	0.6	0.6
Health services	1.4	1.5
Information technology and telecommunications	0.4	0.3
Machinery manufacturing	3.5	1.7
Primary metal manufacturing	0.7	1.1
Publishing and information	0.4	0.4
Recreation	0.6	0.5
Retail	1.1	1.1
Textiles	0.2	0.2
Transportation equipment manufacturing	0.4	0.5
Transportation and logistics	1.1	1.1
Utilities	1.4	1.3
Wood products	0.7	0.7
SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Tyler-Longview employment shares
Industry cluster	2010	2017
Advanced materials	1.0	1.0
Agribusiness	1.1	1.8
Biomedical	0.2	0.1
Business and financial services	4.9	5.3
Chemicals	1.3	1.3
Computer manufacturing	0.4	0.2
Construction	6.5	7.0
Defense and security	0.8	0.9
Education	9.3	9.1
Electrical equipment manufacturing	0.1	0.0
Energy and mining	9.1	8.2
Fabricated metal manufacturing	1.4	1.5
Food services	7.7	8.7
Glass and ceramics	0.1	0.2
Government	4.8	4.3
Health services	16.9	17.6
Information technology and telecommunications	1.8	1.4
Machinery manufacturing	2.7	1.3
Primary metal manufacturing	0.2	0.3
Publishing and information	0.7	0.7
Recreation	2.0	1.8
Retail	12.2	12.3
Textiles	0.1	0.1
Transportation equipment manufacturing	0.5	0.5
Transportation and logistics	3.1	3.5
Utilities	0.6	0.5
Wood products	1.0	1.1
NOTE: The percentage shares of individual clusters do not add to 100 because some industries are counted in multiple clusters, and some industries are not counted at all based on cluster definitions. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Tyler-Longview average annual earnings
Industry cluster	2010	2012	2014	2016	2017
Advanced materials	55,918	56,211	56,627	57,473	59,407
Agribusiness	36,515	35,255	39,176	37,508	38,225
Biomedical	45,485	46,369	42,399	42,958	40,793
Business and financial services	68,530	68,005	71,393	69,164	69,302
Chemicals	58,784	61,844	59,391	58,701	57,690
Computer manufacturing	55,873	31,536	48,243	55,299	57,052
Construction	47,234	48,449	49,471	50,177	49,319
Defense and security	45,579	48,493	50,746	47,560	50,119
Education	37,147	35,506	35,154	36,250	35,995
Electrical equipment manufacturing	54,929	58,721	63,176	59,296	54,159
Energy and mining	69,041	76,254	76,629	70,970	70,490
Fabricated metal manufacturing	56,522	58,523	59,808	59,363	62,161
Food services	15,066	14,698	15,042	15,514	15,809
Glass and ceramics	44,456	45,005	47,454	48,362	47,358
Government	48,292	47,348	47,417	48,680	48,792
Health services	51,350	50,858	48,471	51,036	52,093
Information technology and telecommunications	58,591	59,861	63,128	60,765	64,668
Machinery manufacturing	72,482	76,313	80,825	77,205	75,603
Primary metal manufacturing	43,880	40,915	42,499	40,324	56,922
Publishing and information	38,724	38,119	37,909	39,808	41,215
Recreation	22,532	22,623	22,034	23,731	23,546
Retail	30,904	30,172	30,432	29,290	29,798
Textiles	21,314	22,669	24,676	24,417	26,277
Transportation and logistics	52,299	56,168	56,731	56,100	53,444
Transportation equipment manufacturing	43,559	59,694	68,592	47,715	52,509
Utilities	84,274	84,227	87,420	94,030	92,473
Wood products	39,537	38,574	40,561	41,525	42,678

Industry clusters with LQ > 1	46,251	47,835	47,751	44,543	44,481
Industry clusters with LQ < 1	46,632	46,344	47,502	51,565	52,503

Average earnings (total)	44,792	45,631	45,564	44,105	44,467
NOTE: Earnings are in 2017 dollars. SOURCES: Texas Workforce Commission; Bureau of Labor Statistics; authors’ calculations.

Tyler–Longview demographics
Total population (2017)	445,208
Age distribution (percent)
Median (years)	36.5
Under 15 years	20.7
15–24 years	13.6
25–54 years	37.4
55–64 years	12.5
Over 64 years	15.5
Race/ethnicity (percent)
White, Not Hispanic or Latino	61.8
Hispanic or Latino	17.7
Black/African American	17.4
American Indian/Alaska native	0.4
Asian	1.5
Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	0.0
Other race	2.4
Two or more races	1.7
Median household income (2017)	Tyler is $54,339, Longview is $48,259
Poverty status (percent)
Population below poverty	16.0
Receiving food stamps/SNAP benefits	12.2
Receiving cash public assistance	2.7
Education (percent)
High school graduate or higher	83.6
Bachelor’s degree or higher	22.4
Less than 9th grade	6.9
9th–12th grade, no diploma	9.5
High school graduate or equivalent	27.4
Some college, no degree	25.6
Associate’s degree	8.3
Bachelor’s degree	15.1
Graduate or professional degree	7.2
Average household size	Tyler is 2.9, Longview is 2.7
Foreign-born status (percent)
Foreign born	8.7
From Latin America	77.3
From Mexico	.
From Europe	6.2
From Asia	15.0
From Africa	0.7
From Oceania	0.4
From North America	0.4
Workforce characteristics (percent)
Population (16 years and over) in labor force	58.9
Population (16 years and over) unemployed	4.0
Self-employed	5.4
Health insurance (percent)
Population with no health insurance	16.2
NOTE: Population and median household income figures are for 2017; other data refer to 2016. SOURCE: American Community Survey.

At the Heart of Texas: Cities’ Industry Clusters Drive Growth

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